Population pyramid

A population pyramid or ‘population profile’ is detailed diagram referring to the shape of the graphs which demonstrates the composition of a nation’s population in relation to various age groups and sex (cohorts).   It contains two side-to-side placed graphs, one that shows details of the male segment of the population, and the other that shows details of the female segment of the population.   Usually the left hand side shows details of the male segment of the population.   A population profile is usually triangular in shape, the base suggesting a large number of children.   A rapid narrowing of the top bands suggests that people may be dying faster.   The population pyramid provides a lot of other details such as birth rate, death rate, and life-expectancy. The pyramid should be ideally symmetrical to demonstrate similar pattern and numbers between males and females in the nation.A population pyramid of a nation is of different types depending on seve ral factors such as birth rates, death rates, and situation prevailing in the country.   These include a stationary pyramid, progressive pyramid and regressive pyramid. A stationary pyramid demonstrates a rather constant pattern of fertility and death rate.   A progressive pyramid demonstrates a high turnover of the population (elevated birth and death rates), and a large number of children.   A regressive pyramid on the other hand suggests a dropping birth rate and a low fatality rate.   Some countries may develop a ‘youth bulge’ in their population pyramid (a rise in the youth segment of the population), which may increase the risk for war terrorism and criminal activities to flourish (Answers.Com. 2006).During a war situation, a nation’s population pyramid may have varying appearances depending on the manner in which it is affected.The most active segment of the population, that is young men cohort, are usually the most affected during a war.   Due t o severe losses, nations often demonstrate a drop in the bar graphs in the adult male cohort group, and excess in the corresponding female segment.   Losses of young and middle-aged men later tend to affect other portions of the population profile.   The birth rate on both the male and the female side would significantly reduce over a period of time.   As this cohort of adult males get older, the excess on the female side and the deficiency in the male side starts climbing.   In the 1965 population pyramid of the United Kingdom, it was seen that the number of middle-aged and elderly men were reduced, compared to the similar female cohort due to losses during the World War (Answers.Com. 2006).Sometimes, during a war situation, there may be equivalent loss on the adult female cohort side due to frequent deaths arising from childbirth, reduced healthcare facilities, sporadic violence, etc.   Ã‚  Such a population pyramid appears symmetric with a depression of cohorts on the a dult male and female side.   This is known as a ‘constrictive pyramid’.  Ã‚   The birth rate and the fertility rates also drop due to a decrease in women and men having a high potential for reproduction.   The population pyramids of the US during the 1940’s show this kind of a pattern as usually the adult population was affected, playing a role in the defense of the nation.   Over a period of time this cohort climbed as it got older (Rosenberg, Matt. 1997).When a country is affected with a full blown war, all the segments of the population seem to be affected.   All the cohorts tend to get depressed.   The mortality rates increases, whereas the birth rate of the population decreases.   In some countries, the depression may be greater in the young adult segment of the population as they tend to be more involved with the war.  Ã‚   These depressed cohorts tend to carry over with time as the population gets older.   The population pyramid of Japan during the 1940’s shows this kind of a pattern, as civilian populations were also affected (Statistical Handbook of Japan. 2006).References:About.Com. â€Å"Population Pyramid.† Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2006. Answers.Com. 29 Dec. 2006. http://www.answers.com/topic/population-pyramidRosenberg, Matt. â€Å"Age-Sex Pyramids.† About Geography. 1997. About.Com. 29 Dec. 2006. http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa071497.htmStatistical Handbook of Japan. â€Å"Chapter 2   Population.† Statistics Bureau. 2006. Statistics Bureau of Japan. 29 Dec. 2006. http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htmUS Census Bureau. â€Å"IDB Population Pyramids.† U.S. Census Bureau Population Division/International Programs Center. 2006. US Census Bureau. 29 Dec. 2006. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbpyr.html

Business Economics Assignment

When we speak about the factors of production, in that respect are some overlapping categories. Economic experts have used the four general factors of production (Land, labor, capital and entrepreneur) from the very early stage. These factors contribute a large portion of the industrial revolution in the sass, because the factors of production, especially entrepreneurs were largely split into groups. Labors, for instance, seldom owned capital or land, nor did they begin their own business. Land lords almost never did manual labor, nor did they become owning factories.In the olden days (18th century) entrepreneur, labor, capital and land, were not just four categories Of factors f production, they were four different socio-economic groups. Traditional Business Vs.. E-Business When we compare traditional business and e-business, both are similar in scope to the competitive marketplace. Although a brick-and-mortar shop and an online marketplace are both â€Å"real,† they appeal t o different characteristics, display their goods through different methods and offer consumers different levels of pricing, service and comfort station (Christina Hamlet).The following are some of the significant differences of traditional business and E-business. Needs Assessment The nature a small business and the type and quantity of customer interaction it requires to be successful dictate whether you call for a physical address or a practical one. For instance, you're providing writing, copy-editing, consulting, and accounting or billing services. While, your primary interface with your guests is by telephone, email and fax, negating the need for workspace beyond a home office.On the other hand, a small business in which you sell cosmetics, jewelry, graphics, furniture or home equipment will require display space, changing rooms and proper storage. Page 4 As a single business proprietor, you are just equally likely to desire about its libeling, whether it's far away or close. T o sort tryout work life from your personal life has been normally a larger challenge when personal life and work life live under the same roof.The anytime availability environment of e- business makes it to start knowing yourself as accessible to your customers round-the-clock, something that would not go on if you kept traditional hours at a shop. Legalities and Expenses Traditional Business and e-businesses both require you to possess a business permit. Registering your business name with the registrar, acquiring a tax ID number, examining local zoning and licensing regulations, acquiring insurance pertinent to your needs and creating banking relationships are critical steps in setting up shop in either Traditional Business or e-businesses.While telecommunications expenses, office supplies and a marketing or advertising budget are necessary expenses in both traditional and commerce. But, in the traditional commercial enterprise model has more overhead expenses such as lease, staff salaries and other benefits, maintenance costs and expenses incurred for security arrangements, however, e-business operate from a home Office, which utilizes mostly existing facilities. Customer ConvenienceSince e-business is available 24 hours (24/7), customers are freer from the challenges, like, difficulties in reaching the shops due to bad weather or difficulties in parking, than a physical shop located across town, which is normally open five days a week for a specific time period. E-commerce not only save customers' time and energy, it also, avoids customers from paying sales taxes, offer more outlets to compare stores. However, most of the customers need to inspect the sellers personally, take advice as well as support and be able to bear the goods home immediately instead of paying hipping costs and waiting.However, a traditional business satisfies those needs by producing an environment, where customers can deal face to face. Page 5 In economics, the market structure is t he number of firms producing similar products which are identical. The following are some of the significant market structures of today's business environment. Monopolistic Competition In these markets, there is a large number of firms, each firm is having a small proportion of the market share and slightly differentiated products. It is a marketplace, where a miniscule number of firms that together bear the ajar share of the market.Monopoly This is a market condition, where there is a single supplier Of a product or service. Perfect competition The Perfect Competition Structure is a theoretical structure that features no barriers to entry, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic demand curve. The continuous evolution of technology is changing the way we do business, the dynamics of the workplace and what we perceive is possible. During the last 10 to 15 years, the technology is extremely changing the approach and the production processes.Significantl y, the continued evolution of electrification and Information Technology is increasing the ongoing translation of the business environment to hold advantage of available tools and opportunities (Rosily Frenzy). In some countries, there can however be arguments between the traditional practices and the modern business methods that can be realized through technology. This might be that decision makers still have not fully appreciated for the irrecoverable changes that technology had brought to the business methods. Indeed, to get these changes, the key role is played by internet.The Internet is quickly becoming the base of choice for e-commerce. Because it offers a universal and user friendly set of technology, which can be used by all organizations, no matter which information technology platform they use. Moreover, this technology offers a much cheaper and easier replacement for management activities than traditional methods. Business organizations can utilize Internet technology to decrease their operational and administrative expenses. Fundamentally, internet technology lowers the cost of data processing, sending and storing of data while producing that information more widely useable.Page 6 By using Internet and other networks for e-commerce, organizations in some industries can make transactions directly with clients and suppliers. The Internet can assist companies for the production and making profits in new ways by adding special value to existing products and services. In many e- commerce platforms, like Ebay, Alabama or Amazon creates information brokers, virtual storefronts, transaction brokers, online marketplaces, online service providers, content providers, virtual communities, and online portals.Following are some of the enhancements brought by information and digital technology. Productivity The usage of computers has changed the work environment and the speed Of ark in the past days. It pushed down the cost of data processing, and the simplicity with which large volumes of data can be manipulated by and transferred between several units within the business organization. And also, thus increasing the processing power along with the extensive range of standard and customized hardware and software.This resulted in changing employer and client expectation of work quality and output, at the employee and organizational levels. Banking services are good examples of this point. A wide range of services are giving through internet or intranet which involves a number of different footwear and hardware. Some of the services supplied by financial institutions with the help of technology is ATM and internet banking services. Today, most of the banks realize that they should change the way they do business to take maximum profit.For instance, America's most go-getting banks were SSH fitting from acquisitions to providing Internet-based financial services (John McCoy) Collaboration In a situation, where persons might not be in office to physically interact with clients, technology is providing a number of connectivity choices that facilitate continued discussion and collaboration among work forces. Options can low both the real-time and non-real time communication, and also they can integrate into a platform of specialists to access and use of different tools and features.For example, people can buy and sell on Ebay at any time, in addition to that, buyers and sellers can communicate real time or non-real time. Some of the other famous online stores are Amazon, Alabama, best buy etc. Page 7 Resounding With the help Of technology, business organizations find new ways Of increasing their resources. Cloud computing is a good example, which offers a large scope of resources, such as computer applications, online storage and processing power. By the help of the cloud technology, companies can decentralized or delegate different aspects of their businesses to either affiliate or third parties.For example, Google provides online storage, which allows organizations as well as individuals to store and share their documents whenever they want. Interaction and participation Customer interaction and participation is readily apparent through the impact Of social media in business. In addition to providing a platform for the distribution of information, marketing and promotion, social media creates an environment to generate feedback from consumers and the public. Many organizations are starting to take advantage of the chances to secure feedback on their products and services (Jack Supple and Michael Schmaltz).A good model for such platform is Faceable, which offers a number of chances for the purpose of marketing and promotion as well as sharing information and cool electing feedbacks. Cost management While performing in a competitive marketplace, Organizations are continuously trying to manage the operational costs and to control spending. To accomplish this goal, technology has provided a platform with cost effective alternatives, such as skilled labor and computing resource outsourcing. This result, increasing productivity, efficiency and individual performance.The financial results of the top 25 e-commerce platforms including the AOL, eBay, Yahoo and so on, all together generated about $5 billion in revenue and spend around $1 billion last year (Ion McCoy). For example, Banks and Airlines. Processing an airline ticket on the Internet costs $1 , compared with $8 through a travel agent (the Economist). Page 8 Efficiency and optimization At last, this stage is a very significant outcome of most of the points brought up earlier, since there is a higher expectation of the organizations becoming more efficient.In traditional business models, one of the greatest challenges that organizations have confronted is that although they might be very open about what their core objectives might be, considerable attention on financing, workforce, management, and etc. Had been given to supportin g activities and processes to the core business. However, technology based companies have more choices through which to move their efforts towards the most important natural processes that they must manage, thereby increasing productivity and output.Effects on factors of production In today's business world, the factors of production are used in different says. Let's take the four factors of production to measure the impact of information technology. Land In recent days, the number of businesses moving to e-business are increasing and the amount of physical stores is decreasing. This reduces the demand for land and increasing availability Of land at a cheaper rate. Labor When organizations are focusing more on internet based activities, the involvement human activities are turning more depressed.

Eng225 Final Paper Film Critique

Running Head:   Film Critique Critique of The Blind Side Tabitha Teasley Eng. 225 Introduction to Film Deborah Cunningham July 13, 2012 Critique of The Blind Side The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become. The Blind Side is based on Micheal Lewis book called, The Blind Side:   Evolution of a game. In this film this young man had a bad life at first. His talents and give him opportunity to had a good ending in life. It do not matter what a person had to go through in life, because it only that one opportunity to make a life time change.This movie involved a boy who was poor and uneducated. He had a bad beginning, but a recruited seen his talents and gave him the chance. Sometime it take someone else to see the talent another person is working with in life. In this film it takes the film director the props, and the lighting to tell this story. As this paper take the story one scene at a time, it will show who it take all element together and it will show that it do not matter how a person start in life. Storytelling is very important in the film world today. Each movie has to start with a story.A story is â€Å"a   narrative; all the elements and events that characters experience, whether before, during, or after the plot that is depicted in a book or a movie† (Film: From Watching to Seeing, 2011) Sometimes the person who wrote the script, will be the director also. If this do not happen, â€Å"it take the writers, producers, the director, and the actors, to put the story into action† (Film: From Watching to Seeing). The storytelling has to have a good story for it to make it to the film world. The director for   this movie is John Lee Hancock. The story of Michael Oher, a homeless and traumatized boy who become an All American football player and first round NFL draft pick with the help of a caring woman and her family† (The Internet Movie Database). The storyteller for the   book â€Å"The Bli nd Side† is Michael Lewis. Critique of The Blind Side â€Å"Lewis today might be the most insider-ish outsider writer alive†(Maine Living, 2011 ). He was raised in New Orleans. He learn is life the â€Å"success and happiness are very different things, never become a lawyer, and you do not need a come from a bookish environment to know how to spin a helluva story† (Maine Living, 2011). The Blind Side expresses a similar theme of how value often is misjudged and overlooked. The improbable true story of how a young, African-American athlete born to a crack-addicted mother was adopted by a rich, evangelical Christian family, it was turned into a popular film featuring an Oscar-winning performance by Sandra Bullock†( Maine Living, 2011). This is a true story about Michael Oher. â€Å"He play for the Baltimore Ravens now† (NPR). He had a very hard childhood. He was a black male who had to start from scratch after being adopt by a family, who had a daughte r† (NPR).He had no identifying documents, school records, or anything that would demonstrate on paper that he existed. â€Å"His whole life changed when his adoptive mom gave him responsibility†(NPR). When a person is bought into a environment that they are not accompany with, it is hard to adopt to the change. For example when the family took him shopping for some clothes, he did not know how to receive them, because he was not used to someone going shopping just for him. Acting is what make the movie come to life. In the textbook, Film: From Watching to Seeing, it states, â€Å"Acting is all about honesty.If you can fake that, you've got it made†. The actor job is to act. They pretends to be the character in the movie. They have to learn their lines and they have to connect with the character they are pretending to be in the film. The starting actor in the movie â€Å"Blind Side† is Quinton Aaron, Sandra Bullock, and Tim McGraw. Critique of The Blind Sid e Aaron was born on August 15, 1984 in Bronx, New York (IMDB). â€Å"His acting began with a Christmas play†(IMDB). He played the character of Michael Oher. He stated that to get ready for this character he had to â€Å"work out twice a day, seven days a week, and he had to loss weight† (IMDB).Sometime actors had to change their appearance to fit the character they got to play. The actors are very important to the movie world. When the movie first came on   it told the story about   Micheal Oher. This allowed the audience to know about the role the character (Quinton Aaron) played. It was on a football field and the point the director wanted the audience focus on was light and the background was dark. When the narrator wanted the audience to focus on a scene the scene stopped while the narrator talked about the scene.The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become. â€Å"Cinematography is the process of photographing motion†( Film: From Watching To Seeing). â€Å"The cinematographer's job is to translate the director's vision for the film, to capture what the director wants to see and to say, and to physically make that happen† (Film: From Watching To Seeing). This is what determines how the audience sees the movie. In the movie â€Å"The Blind Side† the cinematographer used medium long shots and medium close ups. In the scene called â€Å"sleep tight† this   is the shots they used.In this scene the lady was making him a place to sleep at for over night. Medium Long Shot is â€Å"human figures are visible between head-to-toe and head-to-knee in the frame†. Medium close- up is â€Å"human figures are visible head to neck†(Film: From Watching To Seeing). The lighting had a dark background. The lighting was lighter on the area that audiences needed the focus to be on. Critique of The Blind Side Editing is what â€Å"controls what views will see and when the will see it and can profoundly affect how they will interpret a film. It establishes and can manipulate the pacing of s story on the screen.It can assemble a serious of partial details, creating by skillful arrangement the illusion of complete actions and spaces that exist only in the mind of the viewers† (Film: From Watching To Seeing). The movie â€Å"The Blind Side was done in Chronological order. Chronological order makes the movie easy to follow. â€Å" It make the scene unfold one after another, from beginning to end† (Film: Watching To Seeing). Editing is very important to the film world. This is what allow them to put the final touch on the film. They clean the film up so the story can be told.The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become. The sound is also important to the film world. There are three basic categories of film sound. They are dialogue, sound effects, and music. They all have to have balance between the three. Dialogue is â €Å"when the characters talking to one another in the films†. (Film: From Watching To Seeing). Sound effects are used to get the audiences attention. It help draw them into the movie. In the scene â€Å"he's changing Mine†Ã‚   the sound was low and the music was very soft in the background.There were four ladies sitting down eating and they were discussing her adopting the boy. The way the music and the low tone voice kept the focus on the characters. In this movie the sound kept the movie on the serious side. This movie had sounds that would show the sadden and the happy point of it. This was very important in this movie. If the sound be off key, then the movie would not get it point across. They did a good job with the sound and music in this film. It help get the point across with the main point of the movie; The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become.Critique of The Blind Side Directing and style is very important in the movie w orld also. Each director has their own styles. Sometimes the styles maybe black and white, back in the days, and modern days films. In â€Å"The Blind Side† the style were modern days. The choice of which film making techniques to use, and how and when to use them, can define a director's personal style† (Film† Watching To Seeing). The genre for the movie â€Å"The Bind Side† is drama, comedy, sports. I think this fits the movie well. The genre is important because it lets the audience know what to expect in the movie.It described the movies and it allowed the main point of the movie, the way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become, to be told on time. Movies can have a positive effect on society or a negative effect. This movie had a positive effect. In the movie The Blind Side the rating from society was good. The movie encourage people. It let society know your dream can come true. It do not matter what you didn't have in your childhood. Life is what a person make it out to be. Look for opportunity, and expect changes to happen at any giving moment. In the movie the boy was seen as this quiet, fat person.Each person has gifts in life. Sometime a person need someone to help pull their gift to it full potential. This lady could have turned her nose up at the young boy, like society did. She had a gift for helping other and she seen the opportunity to use her gift. The movie also taught society to look at a person heart and not the outside appearance of a person. He had a big heart and the lady seen that society was robbing the young boy of his dream. It also taught society that dreams are made to come true. Stop focusing on what a person do not have and give opportunity when they are suppose to be giving.Critique of The Blind Side When her and her friends was having dinner they were making fun of her adopting the young boy. The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become . A formalist approach is â€Å"to analysis is concerned with film form, or how the basic elements are organized to convey certain meaning†. This deals with the narrative elements. (Film: Watching To Seeing). In the text book, Film: From Watching To Seeing, it states â€Å"the most important thing to remember about film criticism is that any film can be viewed from a variety of perspectives.It may succeed at some and fail at others, but cannot be simply dismissed because the viewer does not like one aspect of it†. Each person will have their own personal conclusion on how they rate a movie. What one may like the next person will dislike. Two people can watch a movie together and each person will have their own points about the movie. It will mean this to one and some completely different to the next person. The point did come across in â€Å"the Blind Side;   the way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become.In the movie â€Å"The Blin d Side† everything the director did to make the movie went in together. It took all part to make the movie a success. This movie set out to encourage people about their dreams. From the director to the shoes the character had on, it took it all. There was a balance in the lighting with the sound to the music. It do not matter how a person started in life or what a person been through, they have gifts and if the right opportunity come, their life can change forever. Look for opportunity and take each one like it is you last.The way a person start in life, will not determine who or what they will become. REFERENCES Goodykoontz, B. , & Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film: From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education, Inc. https://content. ashford. edu The Internet Movie Database, Retrieved on November 20, 2011, from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm2466842/bio Maine Living Bangor Daily News, retrieved on November 19, 2011, from htt p://bangordailynews. com/2011/11/20/living/book-reviews/michael-lewis%E2%80%99-   storytelling-skills-put-more-economic-tales-on-the-bestseller-list/

Tasty Meals LtD Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tasty Meals LtD Case Study - Essay Example Therefore, the profit margins of the company are high, and they owe the success of the business to the employees since the employees are the driving force of the company. Consequently, Tasty meals Ltd should increase their hourly rate wages to employees, and treat them well. The Philippines is one of the most populated countries in the Middle East and the business tends to thrive in this market. Therefore, employees have a justification to get a pay rise and respectful treatment from the authorities. 2. Should Tasty meals Ltd be held responsible for the problems caused by unhealthy junk foods and high--?calorie? Why or why not? (hint; in a free market, customers have plenty of alternatives to Tasty meals Ltd to choose from) It is the corporate social responsibility of a company or organization to ensure that it meets the requirements of its customers and deliver the appropriate services to clients. Therefore, tasty meals Ltd should be accountable for the problems caused by unhealthy junk food. In any business, the customer should come first because he or she is the heart of the business. Without a customer in place, the company is bound to fail or collapse. Therefore, the chain of restaurant should ensure that it delivers healthy foods by taking into account the health issues of its customers. Since it is widely known in the country based on its services and its products, the restaurant should ensure that it maintains its brand name by offering quality services. It should invest more in healthy foods and avoid junk, which is unhealthy. Obviously, customers have other alternatives to tasty meals but that does not justify the company providing unhealthy food to its customers. 3. Is it reasonable to demand from Tasty meals Ltd to give up a cost effective and Convenient use of disposable tableware and containers because it is considered being unfriendly to the environment? Why or why not? For a company such as tasty meals and especially in the hospitality industry, it is the prerogative of the company to ensure that it uses efficient disposable tableware. This will earn it an impeachable reputation, and it will attract many customers. In today’s world, customers are highly sensitive to the operations of a company and tend to scrutinize its social and environmental responsibility. It is, therefore, reasonable to demand cost effective and convenient use of disposable tableware and containers from the restaurant. This will ensure a healthy and safe environment from its operations. 4. Is it reasonable to demand from Tasty meals Ltd to impose its code of conduct directives to the suppliers it works with if they are involved in illegal or unethical practices? Do you agree? Why (not)? Tasty meals Ltd should ensure that it maintains its brand name by ensuring that it is involved in good and legitimate practices. Therefore, it is reasonable to make demands from the restaurant to impose its conduct directives to suppliers. This will ensure that advertising and marketing strategies gear towards creating positive awareness of the company. It must ensure that its suppliers are involved in legal and ethical practices to build on the reputation of tasty meals. The restaurant should withdraw services if it realizes that the suppliers are involved in illegal and unethical practices. 5. Overall do you consider Tasty meals Ltd complying with corporate governance principles? Can it be said that Tasty meals Ltd is an ethical and socially responsible Corporation? Tasty

Drug-Free Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drug-Free Workplace - Essay Example The employers make it a habit to employ workers who do not have a smoking or drinking habit. But as this scheme is being introduced after a lot of time it cannot eradicate the problem of drugs from the workplaces. Similarly like every workplace I have been working in a place which in the recent years has been trying to curb this issue seriously and eradicate this problem from their premises. And in this regard they have introduced new policies to create a drug free environment in the workplace. The company in which I work is related to petroleum and services. Three years back there was a trend of smoking, drinking and other drug related activities in our workplace. But today our workplace shows a better environment with a significant amount of decrease in the ratio of people who are related to drug related activities. The company has identified strategies to create a drug-free environment in the workplace. The company now has a strict policy to create a drug free environment. No one is allowed to smoke or drink openly during the working hours and if anyone is caught doing this the company managers take a strict action against them. These strategies at first were not preferred by the employees as they were not used to it but after a time due to the effectiveness of the strategy the employees had to cope up with it. On the other hand the employees incurred great profits as the image of the company improved in the market and the employees worked more efficiently. While on the other hand this strategy had some bad effects too as our company consisted of employees who couldn't work without having their desired drug. Because of this effect employees who were loyal and worked efficiently for the employers had to leave their job as they were not able to work without having their desired form of drug.The company implemented a new strategy to control the drug addictive environment inside the company. New employees are provided with special instructions when entering the company which describe the issue relating to drugs. The new employees are told about the strict policies of the company regarding drug related problems through a separate meeting designed for this purpose only. The company is taking effective measures in improving this program. The company also makes a meeting on a monthly/weekly basis for the old employees to tell them about the effects of the drug and how to control this drug problem. The program has been quite successful in decreasing the am ount of drug intake during office hours. While on the other hand the program is not able to control all the drug related activity in the company as in some of the departments the supervisors themselves are indulged in drug related activities. The company is looking in this issue to further monitor all the supervisors so that the program is implemented perfectly. Employees are being guided by the supervisors and other specialized staff about drug threats and how to control the intake of drugs. Specialized doctors are called in for the guidance of employees which not only helps the employees to feel the importance of a drug free workplace but also helps the employees to stop themselves from doing any drug related activity which can harm them in the outer world. The meeting organized by the specialized staff is attended by most of the staff and it has a great influence on the employees. The company has trained supervisors which help in controlling the

Management Information Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Information Systems - Assignment Example Evidently, these activities will assist the organization to improve its productivity automatically and hence to optimize communication across all layers of the organization and between the organization and the supplier. To illustrate, each football kit sold in a retail outlet is communicated to the supplier automatically and the supplier in turn will send more football kits to the retailer to address the shortage of items sold. Electronic data interchange is the most applied form of inter-organizational system and it facilitates instantaneous information transfer from computer to computer. An effective IOS can benefit an organization in several ways. First, it greatly aids the organization to reduce overall risk level in the organization, and to take advantages of economies of scale. Second, an IOS helps the organization to utilize the exchange of technologies and to increase competitiveness to a great extent. Finally, this system is beneficial for organizations to eliminate investme nt barriers and enhance global communication. There are some potential challenges to inter-organizational systems. ... Since there are no effective assessment methods and benefits measurement processes, system managers find it difficult to convince the top management about the feasibility of financing an inter-organizational system. Due to this weakness, managers cannot evaluate employee performance in connection with the IOS operations. In short, it is difficult to identify how an IOS influences the supply chain efficiency and the overall organizational performance. If the employees are not familiar with the inter-organizational system, it can be a challenging task for the system managers to ensure proper flow of information within the organization. Lack of funding is another challenge unique to IOS. As mentioned already, the top management often hesitates to fund IOS needs because most of the IOS benefits are intangible and the top management officials cannot be easily convinced about the potentiality of those intangible benefits. Finally, fast changing technologies, particularly information techno logy raise potential threats to the efficacy and affordability of the inter-organizational system. 2. Digital Economy Digital economy can be simply stated as an economy which is based on technologies. Digital economy is interchangeably referred to as internet economy, web economy, or new economy. With the emergence of new business practices and technologies, the concept of digital economy is being greatly intertwined with the traditional economy but a clear delineation is very difficult. The term digital economy was coined by Don Tapscott in his book titled ‘The digital economy: Promise and peril in the age of networked intelligence’. According to the Australian

Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Socialism - Essay Example Marx argues that unlike capitalism, which promotes competition the quest to make as much profit as possible as well as undercut ones rivals and if need be drive them out of business, communism promotes corporation (Marx 276). This is a reasonable point; in fact, one of the main challenges of capitalism is the high competition which at times results in the ruining of business by their rivals. Additionally, since this is spurred by the need to maximize profits these capitalism ultimately ends up exploiting the workers who are sacrificed for the sake of bigger profits. His critique of private property is also very well thought out and if it were adapted, it would solve much of the conflict that occurs in capitalism dominated world as many people struggle for the few available resources. He argues that limiting private ownership would render irrelevant the need for individuals to exploit others in the quest for wealth since all would be owned collectively, he suggests that if all propert y was taken away from the hands of a chosen few, it would eliminate the desire and even reason for exploitation. Ideally this would be true, however the premises under which such a situation can be applied cannot exist under normal circumstances. Consider if property was communally owned, it would need to managed and developed and some people would have more responsibly than others in those duties. A skilled engineer will likely have to work harder and longer in a factory than a non-skilled laborer for instance, as a result, if we follow Marx’s argument to its logical conclusion, It would mean that those who do most of the work and those who hardly contribute at all would own equal shares in the property. Ultimately, it would not result in elimination, but simply inversion of the exploitation, this is because, there are those who will be working hard and getting the same amount as those who do not put in nearly as much effort. The argument against Marx’s position on pr ivatization of property can also be applied on the concept of equality in division of labor where ideally everyone would get the same wage, eventually, someone will be exploited. This is because the assumption that equal distribution of labor and pay can be achieved does not take to account the improbableness of equality of skills and responsibility. This argument flies in the face of logic and as aforementioned can only be envisioned in an utopian society; the main reason why communism has failed to take root in any society apart from direct opposition by capitalism is its inherent unsustainability. In Marx’s assumption, communism disregards the fact that its main tenets are directly in opposition of the very nature of the humans it intend to exist in it. Human beings will always want to compete with each other there will always be classes since we cannot be all equal. Capitalism gives people the freedom to compete and lord over each other, in as much as it is exploitative t o the workers, the same would be said of communism owing to the evident impossibility of logically dividing labor equally in a society whose populace possess unequal skills. While taking cognizance of the fact that Marx is right in many ways about the unequal and exploitive nature of capitalism, his conjecture on communism does not essentially provide workable alternative to capitalism. Rather

The Role of Religon In Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Religon In Diplomacy - Essay Example Religious leaders can understand the causes of conflicts more clearly than politicians. Religions work on the principles of morals whereas politics work on the principle of utility. In other words, politics always try to exploit as much as from a negotiation whereas religions may give more importance to the settling of disputes even if it sacrifice something. So, culturally motivated politics can be settled more effectively with the help of religions or religious leaders since the dialogues between religious leaders may help both the parties to realize the issue more deeply. At the same time it is difficult to solve all international disputes with the help of faith or religious leaders. There are many conflicts in which both the parties happens to be from the same religion. It should be noted that Iran and Iraq have engaged in a fierce battle few years before even though both the countries are dominated by Muslim religion. The influence of religion in Iranian politics was more than t hat in Iraq few years before. Even though Muslim leaders tried to solve Iran-Iraq conflicts amicably, Saddam’s dictatorship prevented them from doing so. Nobody can argue that Hitler like dictators will even hear the words of religious leaders. In short, settling cultural disputes between countries with the help of faith based diplomacy is difficult in some cases as cited in the above examples. Majority of the religions teach the importance of love in solving problems between people and cultures. Religious leaders should teach diplomats and politicians the necessities of solving cultural disputes based on moral and values rather than selfishness. In the current globalized world, religious leaders can play more useful roles in solving cultural problems. For example, Pope... This paper approves that it is difficult to solve all international disputes with the help of faith or religious leaders. There are many conflicts in which both the parties happens to be from the same religion. It should be noted that Iran and Iraq have engaged in a fierce battle few years before even though both the countries are dominated by Muslim religion. The influence of religion in Iranian politics was more than that in Iraq few years before. Even though Muslim leaders tried to solve Iran-Iraq conflicts amicably, Saddam’s dictatorship prevented them from doing so. Nobody can argue that Hitler like dictators will even hear the words of religious leaders. In short, settling cultural disputes between countries with the help of faith based diplomacy is difficult in some cases as cited in the above examples. Majority of the religions teach the importance of love in solving problems between people and cultures. Religious leaders should teach diplomats and politicians the nece ssities of solving cultural disputes based on moral and values rather than selfishness. In the current globalized world, religious leaders can play more useful roles in solving cultural problems. This report makes a conclusion that faith based diplomacy is essential in solving some of the culturally motivated disputers in this world. Albright’s opinions are extremely relevant and logical when we analyze some of the cultural conflicts existing in this world. Faith based diplomacy with the help of morals and values will be more effective than political diplomacy.

EC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EC - Essay Example Allen gets the bonds. She reclaimed the safe back in the same condition that she had entrusted it to the agent plus the bonds signed on it. The fact that Barbara kept the bonds means that the safe was in a good condition than it was with the entrusted agent. The agent had sold the safe to neither Barbara nor any other person; Allen thus reserves all rights to the safe and its contents. Barbara was only keeping the safe for the agent and has no rights to the safe or its contents whatsoever. Although the discovery was not planned for, Barbara’s duty in the whole scenario was to keep the safe or sell it to any prospective buyer for the $100. She did not sell it; Allen who is legally the owner gets the safe and the bonds. Allen has claims to the bonds. This is because the safe had not been sold yet and she has a right to reclaim it and the bonds that come with it. Barbara discovered the crack on the safe with the bonds signed on it. Barbara though cannot claim the bonds since she refused to buy the old safe even after the discovery of the bonds. If she had bought the safe, she would then claim the bonds. The agent, on the other hand, was to fuel the purchase of the old safe. He never knew the bonds existed, nor did he have any rights to neither the safe nor the bonds signed on it (Clore, 164). Allen gets the bonds. She reclaimed the safe back in the same condition that she had entrusted it to the agent plus the bonds signed on it. The fact that Barbara kept the bonds means that the safe was in a good condition than it was with the entrusted agent. The agent had sold the safe to neither Barbara nor any other person; Allen thus reserves all rights to the safe and its contents. Barbara was only keeping the safe for the agent and has no rights to the safe or its contents whatsoever. Although the discovery was not planned for, Barbara’s duty in the whole scenario was to keep the safe or sell it to any prospective buyer for the $100. She did

SYSCO Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SYSCO - Case Study Example The supervisory training program depicts the strategic agenda of Sysco in terms of recruitment, selection and quality management of human resources (Mathis & Jackson 13). As an administrative expert, HR at Sysco has shed the role of a policeman and eliminated unnecessary activities within the system by means of Virtual Resource Center (VRC) which provides enhanced ways of monitoring and controlling the workforce. As an operational guide, the VRC has again contributed in making employees accountable and modifying the mental contract of them with the company. This is visible from the positive implication received in terms of increased retention rates, satisfied customers and augmented savings for the company. Increasing globalization and technological inputs in maneuvering the HR function could have affected the benefits reaped in by Sysco. With globalization, diversity workforce is becoming the talk of the town having cultural and ethical considerations at the top of priority list (Mathis & Jackson 17). Further, cost efficiency drive of companies operating internationally could have put extra pressure on HR strategies of Sysco to turn more agile and proactive in order to sustain the growth and stay

'The Iceman Cometh' by Eugene O'Neill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

'The Iceman Cometh' by Eugene O'Neill - Essay Example That which separates them paradoxically joins them, suggesting the principle of complementary opposition uniting yin and yang. The relationship of Harry Hope and Jimmy Tomorrow is more complex; for the focus on past and future they respectively symbolize takes us closer both to the pipe dreaming that is the thematic core of Iceman and to the Taoist manner in which ONeill structures the plays thematic oppositions. In a sentimental monologue halfway through act one, Harry Hope remembers the time he almost ran for alderman, and vows to renew his political involvement; moments later Jimmy Tomorrow, in counterpoint, dreams about regaining his former position in public relations. For both, however, pipe dreams for the future rest on self-deceit about the past. With no chance of winning twenty years ago, Harry used his wifes death as an excuse to withdraw from the race and the world; Jimmy conveniently forgets being fired for drunkenness. The close proximity of their speeches, however, allows Larry Slade to articulate their symbolic connection. Harrys maudlin reminiscences about Bessie prompts Larrys remark, "Isnt a pipe dream of yesterday a touching thing?" And when Jimmy vows to spruce up his appearance for a future interview, Larry sardonically comments, "The tomorrow movement is a sad and beautiful thing, too." While Hope focuses on illusions about the past and Jimmy leads the "tomorrow movemen t," they actually form another complementary couple who represent the interdependence of false memories and empty ambitions--the neurotic state of mind that afflicts virtually all the barroom derelicts. As Larry laughingly crows to Jimmy, "Worst is best here, and East is West, and tomorrow is yesterday. What more do you want?" The identity of "yesterday" and "tomorrow," apparent opposites, again resembles that of yin and yang: past and future interpenetrate at Harry Hopes saloon. Iceman also mingles another pair of

George Bush Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

George Bush Speech Analysis Essay George Bush begins the speech with a solemn address and informs the people of America about the tragic events that unfolded. The aim of this speech was to reassure the public that they are now safe and the perpetrators will be brought to justice. The use of inclusive pronouns, such as ‘we’ and ‘our’, is just one of the ways in which he builds a sense of unity and togetherness with the audience. He makes it feel like he is equal to them and shares their pain and will help them through their struggles. In the second paragraph, Bush begins on talking about the severity of the attacks. He speaks about the variety of people that died, ‘the victims were on the airplanes, or in their offices-secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers, moms and dads.’ As well as the victims in the plane, he includes the hard-working office workers and the devoted federal workers who lost their lives trying to save others. He ends the line with ‘moms and dads’ and ‘friends and neighbours’, trying to get empathy from the audience that little children have lost their parents and ordinary people have lost their close friends. Later on, George Bush then gives a sense of hope to the nation. He says that the attacks demonstrate the strength of the country and says America is the ‘brightest beacon for freedom’ and that the attacks ‘cannot touch the foundation of America’. George Bush then tries to take a little credit in the emergency response by using the words ‘I implemented’ so that the people still support him as a president. Bush then reassures the public by saying that he will ‘take every precaution to protect our citizens’. He goes on to show the stability of the financial institution and economy. President Bush then expresses his gratitude to the workers and congressmen who joined him strongly in condemning these acts. He talks about the other world leaders who offered their condolences by thanking them dearly. The tragedy of 9/11 was an awakening for America. George W. Bush effectively used the emotions of a saddened country and was able to win over the hearts of many Americans. The rhetorical devices and inclusive pronouns he included in his speech create a definite feeling of reassurance with the general public.

Wet Mix and Dry Mix Concrete: Cost and Quality

Wet Mix and Dry Mix Concrete: Cost and Quality This is a conceptual proposal in which the main objective is to determine the cost and quality effectiveness on the application of modular wet mix and dry mix concrete batching plant. Based on the data collected over the pass years, a detail study was being conducted to determine the various cost factors arising from the setting up of concrete batching plant, production operations, quality control, inventory and delivery of the products to the customers. As this study covers the entire overall operations of a commercial concrete batching plant, the complexity of the various processes and functionalities has to be identified to provide a full understanding on the limitations on the speed, cost, quality, flexibility and dependability. This proposal is also inline with the company long term strategy of increasing the marketing share by twenty percent annual growth. Therefore, to achieve this goal, various steps have to be taken into consideration such as the speed, cost, quality, flexibility and dependability. Existing Dry Mix Concrete Batch Plant Plant Component The basic components of dry mix concrete batch plant and its related facilities are as tabulated below:- Item Descriptions Remarks 1 Ground Hopper For feeding of raw material, coarse and fine aggregates 2 Movable Inclined Conveyor To convey the coarse and fine aggregate to the designated storage compartment 3 Aggregate Storage Bin For storage on top of the aggregate weighing bin 4 Aggregate Weighing Bin For weighing of the coarse and fine aggregates 5 Shooting Conveyor To convey the coarse and fine aggregates at high speed which shoot directly into the mixer drum of the mixer truck 6 Cement Storage Silos For storage of cement OPC, PFA and Slag Cement 7 Cement Weighing Bin For weighing of various cement 8 Water Weighing Bin For weighing of water 9 Admixtures Weighing Bin For weighing of admixtures 10 Control Room To provide staff on the control of the production 11 Water Storage Tank For water storage 12 Aggregate Stockpile For storage of coarse and fine aggregates 13 Slump Check Platform For concrete slump check 14 Wheel Loader For material handling from aggregate stockpiles to ground hopper 15 Mixer Truck For mixing of concrete and delivery of finished products to customers 16 QC Laboratory For quality control and testing 17 Power Supply To provide power supply to the plants and other facilities either by TNB or generator set 18 Waste Material Storage To collect all waste material and disposed to designated area Figure 1 in the Appendix shows a typical dry mix concrete batch plant layout. The ideal size for setting up is plant is 2,950m2, this set up will include a laboratory for quality control, a site office for staff and other facilities such as workshop and weighbridge on material control. Process Flow of Dry Mix Plant The process flow of the entire dry mix plant operation per 8 m3 load is as illustrated below:- Cycle Time per Load = Batching + Mixing Slump Check + Delivery + Discharging + Return + Queuing = 5 min + 15 min + 30 min + 45 min + 30 min + 10 min = 135 min From the process flow mapping, it is clearly shown that the complete process cycle time for 8 m3 load is 135 minutes. As the plant capacity is 80m3/hour, if the efficiency of the plant is 80%, therefore the plant is capable of producing 8 loads of 8m3-load but all the rest of the processes are done by the mixer trucks from mixing to discharging at site. In order to have a smooth operation flow, the number of mixer truck required by this dry mix plant is calculated as below: Number of Mixer Truck = 135/60X8 = 18 From the calculation above, 18 units of mixer truck is required for the smooth operation. Quality of the Product In dry mix plant, all the pre-determined materials are charged into the mixer drum of the mixer truck, then the mixing and quality check are carried out by the individual mixer truck operator accordingly. The product quality is not consistent as this is done by the 18 mixer truck operators and therefore, quality is becoming a major issue in this type of plant as the requirement of the quality is increasing with the advancement in construction technology. This quality will also hinder the further penetration of market share and jeopardise in achieving the long term strategic goal. Cost This operating cost is only covering all the facilities except the raw material cost as this remains consistent either dry mix or wet mix plant. But there are other costs that everyone is aware of such as the maintenance cost of the mixer truck. In this case, the operating cost of the plant is cheap but the mixer truck is much higher as there are 18 units of mixer drums which are having high wear and tear parts as they are used for mixing the concrete. These costs will be tabulated in the comparison and the overall operating cost will be identified. Flexibility In term of flexibility, this dry mix plant will have a limitation in producing high grade concrete as the mixing is done by mixer truck. The mixer truck will not be able to mix consistently and thoroughly inside the mixer drum of the mixer truck as the mixing is only dependent on the ploughing and dropping action of the mixer blade on the side wall of the mixer drum. Other than this, it is the same as in other type of plants. Dependability The availability, reliability and maintainability of this plant is actually quite similar to the other types of plant available in the market but duration for each maintenance will be a little bit shorter than wet mix plant because the components is less and the mixing is transferred to the mixer truck, therefore the availability is better. The reason for this is, there are 18 units of mixer instead of 1 unit of mixer. Proposed Modular Wet Mix Plant Basic Plant Components The basic components of dry mix concrete batch plant and its related facilities are as tabulated below:- Item Descriptions Remarks 1 Ground Hopper For feeding of raw material, coarse and fine aggregates 2 Aggregate Weighing Bin For weighing of various types of aggregates 3 Horizontal Conveyor To convey the weighed coarse and fine aggregates to Inclined Conveyor 4 Inclined Conveyor To convey the weighed coarse and fine aggregates to the aggregate transfer bin 5 Aggregate Transfer Bin For storage on top of the Mixer 6 Mixer For mixing of concrete 7 Concrete Holding Hopper For holding of finished product before discharging into mixer truck 8 Cement Storage Silos For storage of cement OPC, PFA and Slag Cement 9 Cement Weighing Bin For weighing of various cement 10 Water Weighing Bin For weighing of water 11 Admixtures Weighing Bin For weighing of admixtures 12 Control Room To provide staff on the control of the production 13 Water Storage Tank For water storage 14 Aggregate Stockpile For storage of coarse and fine aggregates 15 Wheel Loader For material handling from aggregate stockpiles to ground hopper 16 Mixer Truck For mixing of concrete and delivery of finished products to customers 17 QC Laboratory For quality control and testing 18 Power Supply To provide power supply to the plants and other facilities either by TNB or generator set 19 Waste Material Storage To collect all waste material and disposed to designated area Figure 2 in the Appendix shows a typical modular wet mix concrete batch plant layout. The ideal size for setting up is also plant is 2,950m2, this set up will include a laboratory for quality control, a site office for staff and other facilities such as workshop and weighbridge on material control. Process Flow of Modular Wet Mix Plant The process flow of the entire modular wet mix plant operation per 8 m3 load is as illustrated below:- Cycle Time per 8 m3Load = Batching + Delivery + Discharging + Return + Queuing = 5 min + 30 min + 45 min + 30 min + 10 min = 120 min From the process flow mapping, it is clearly shown that the complete process cycle time for 8 m3 load is 120 minutes. As the plant capacity is 80m3/hour, if the efficiency of the plant is 80%, therefore the plant is capable of producing 8 loads of 8m3-load in just 5 minutes as the process of mixing is done by the mixer and mixer truck is only used for delivery and discharging at site. In order to have a smooth operation flow, the number of mixer truck required by this dry mix plant is calculated as below: Number of Mixer Truck = 120/60X8 = 16 From the calculation above, 16 units of mixer truck is required for the smooth operation. Comparison of Process Flow Item Descriptions Dry Mix Plant Wet Mix Plant 1 Batching 5 minutes 5 minutes (Mixing by Mixer) 2 Mixing 15 minutes (By Mixer Truck) 3 Delivery to Site 30 minutes 30 minutes 4 Discharging at Site 45 minutes 45 minutes 5 Return to Plant 30 minutes 30 minutes 6 Queuing at Plant 10 minutes 10 minutes 7 Total Cycle Time per Load 135 minutes 120 minutes 8 Mixer Truck Required 18 16 By looking at the table above, it is clearly shown that the cycle time per load is reduced by 15 minutes or 11%. The number of mixer truck required to complete the work in progress is also reduced by 2 units, there will be a significant improvement in the whole process flow and this will be reflected in the investment cost and operating cost later. Quality of the Product In wet mix plant, all the weighed materials are charged into the mixer of the mixer for mixing and quality check are controlled by the batching operator accordingly of which the product quality is consistent therefore, quality issues can be minimized in this type of plant as the requirement of the quality can be assured to fulfil the modern construction technology. This quality assurance will also help increase the image and market recognition thus, to further penetrate into the untapped market share and also in achieving the long term strategic goal. Cost This operating cost is only covering all the facilities except the raw material cost as this remains consistent either dry mix or wet mix plant. Tabulated on the next page is the comparison of the overall operating cost of the whole process flow. It can be shown that the overall operating cost is reduced by RM1.26/m3 or 7.2% and it is very significant and substantial as the annual production is huge. For example, an annual production of 1 million cubic meters will mean a saving of RM1.26 million and so on and so forth, thus increasing the profitability of the sales and competency in the market place. Comparison on Wet and Dry Mix Plant Operational Cost excluding Raw Material Flexibility In term of flexibility, the wet mix plant will have less limitation in producing high grade concrete as the mixing is done by mixer. The mixer will be able to mix consistently and thoroughly inside the mixer as the mixer is specially design for this specific purpose. It can also produce different types of design mix as required by customers. Another advantage is that the supply radius can be increased by 5 km, thus the coverage area. Dependability The availability, reliability and maintainability of this plant is actually quite similar to the other types of plant available in the market and the duration for each maintenance will be a little bit longer than dry mix plant because the components is more, therefore the availability is slightly less but this can be eliminated by pre-planned preventive maintenance. Conclusion With the study and experience that had been merged and input, it is strongly advisable to convert all the dry mix plant into the modular wet mix plant for the following reasons:- Cheaper operating cost as justified on the operating cost Better flexibility for high grade concrete Less mixer truck requirement Quality consistency and assurance All the above implementations will be justifiable to achieve the company long term strategy to provide the highest quality, service at the lowest cost and to increase the market share in the next 10 year.

Determining Macronutrients in Milk Powder

Determining Macronutrients in Milk Powder Stefan Dodunski Mustafa Intro: Proximate analysis, or Weende analysis, is the investigation of different macronutrients in food based on the scheme devised in 1860 by Henneberg and Stohmann in Germany. This analysis was originally devised to duplicate the digestion of animals where the extraction of fat was placed in an acid solution to replicate the acid in the stomach and further by alkaline digestion to replicate the environment in the small intestine. Further to this nitrogen, crude lipid, crude fibre and ash are determined chemically. The determination of crude protein is based and approximated on the nitrogen content. For this project proximate analysis was used to determine percentages of moisture, fat, protein and ash in food. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE), a term used to cover all other material present in the sample, is not measured by proximate analysis but calculated by subtracting from 100, the sum of the percentages of moisture, fat, protein, fibre and ash. NFE represents a rough estimate of soluble carbohydrate and all errors of various determinations are reflected in this calculation. In this experiment total carbohydrate is estimated by difference as many foods are low in fibre and the fraction is often disregarded (Food Chem. for Nutrition Laboratory Manual, 2015). The food industry is highly regulated by government protocols and international standards and policies which ensure appropriate quality control and supply chain management of food products. In order to ensure that food products meet these requirements food analysis of the composition and characteristics of the foods are mandatory. The entire supply chain is monitored and controlled, from raw ingredients, through to production and within the marketplace (Nielson, 2010). Proximate analysis is the general way of estimating food composition and is very adept at comparing foods for nutritive value, legal aspects and blending of various foods in industry. Though this is a general comparison it is not specific to determining a specific substance or compound within a food but only a general estimation of moisture, ash and macronutrients (except alcohol). The determination of a specific substance is called â€Å"ultimate† analysis and is not used in the food industry for general comparisons. Methods of proximate analysis are empirical and are more easily performed and if procedure is done with good precision, can be reproducible (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015). Moisture is normally considered to be the material lost by a foodstuff on heating at a temperature around that of boiling water or by allowing the sample to stand over a dehydrating agent or by some similar form of measurement. It is generally considered as water but is actually the total volatile matter lost under these particular conditions. The remaining residue is termed the total solid (Food Chem. for Nutrition Lab Manual, 2015). The moisture content of the samples were determined by using both air-oven method and vacuum-oven methods. The use of a variety of ovens in the food industry are a popular method with the opportunity for various amounts of samples that can be analysed concurrently (Nielson, 2010). However with less precision yields less accurate results as different types of ovens will produce different volumes of moisture. Vacuum ovens are less accurate than air fan forced oven as they have the least amount of variance of heat distributed throughout the oven The protein content of foods is often determined on the basis of total nitrogen content and the Kjeldahl method has been almost universally applied to determine the nitrogen content (Kavanagh, 1981). Nitrogen content is then multiplied by a factor to arrive at protein content. This approach is based on two assumptions: 1. the dietary carbs and fats do not contain nitrogen and 2. nearly all nitrogen in foods is present as amino acids. The factor is based on the ratio of nitrogen to protein on a specific food being analysed. The nitrogen is then used through a conversion factor to determine the amount of protein. In this experiment the conversion factor was 6.38 as milk products have a nitrogen content of 15.67%. During digestion H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), at high temperatures, is used to catalyse the reaction by oxidising the organic matter and combining any ammonium formed. After digestion NaOH is added to make the sample alkaline and distilled and the resulting NH3 in dissolved in bori c acid. The solution is then titrated with HCL which neutralises the ammonium borate and a colour change from green untill red can be seen. The Mojonnier method was used to determine crude fat. The method depends on the partition of the fat between an organic solvent and the aqueous phase. (Food Chem. And Nutrition Lab Manual, 2105). The principle behind this method is that fat is extracted by ethanol and diethyl ether. Petroleum decreases the solubility of the water during the ether phase and diethyl ether serves as a lipid solvent. Ammonium hydroxide and ethanol are also used. Ammonium hydroxide decreased the viscosity of the sample by neutralising the acidity and broke ionic and covalent bonds. Ethanol aids in separation of the ether water phase and prevents the milk form forming a gel. Milk powder and other dairy products need to undergo this process during fat removal due to their tightly bound lipids to proteins, and carbohydrates, making use of simple non-polar solvents inadequate (Neilson, 2010). The ash of a food is the inorganic residue remaining after the organic matter has been burnt away. The ash is representative of all the minerals contained within the powder sample although the inorganic constitutes changes drastically. Metal ions are oxidised to oxides or combined with negatively charged elements. The ash obtained is not necessarily the exact same composition as the mineral matter present in the original food as there may be losses due to volatilisation or some interactions between constitutes. Therefore ash is regarded as the general measure of quality (Food Chem. For Nutrition, 2015). Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine the total moisture content, nitrogen and crude protein, crude fat and inorganic matter from a specific milk powder. Materials: Proximate 1: Pocket Refractometer Pal-1 by Atago made in Japan Air-Oven Catalogue 240 by Contherm Scientific Company made in New Zealand Burn off Furnace BWF 1100 by Carbolite made in the UK Analytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in America Electronic Moisture Analyser MA 150 by Sartorius made in Germany Vacuum Oven VOC-300SD by Eleya made in Japan Proximate 2: 2100 Kjeltec Distiller by Foss Analytical made in Denmark Tecator Digestion System by Foss Analytical made in Denmark SuperVario-N Centrifuge by Funke-Gerber made in Germany Analytical Balance Machine AE200 by Mettler made in America Model 330 Boiling Bath by Contherm Scientific Company made in New Zealand Results: References: Nielson, S. S. (2010). Food Analysis. (4th ed.). New York, USA: Springer Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=JM R91MDsiECpg=PA87dq=moisture+content+of+foodhl=ensa=Xei=qeCFUYyTG4aFiAfX 94GYBgsqi=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=moisture%20content%20of%20foodf =false Food Chemistry for Nutrition Laboratory Manual. (2015) 151.231 Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University: Palmerston North Kavanagh, F. (1981), Official methods of analysis of the AOAC, 13th ed. Edited by WILLIAM HORWITZ. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1111 N. 19th St., Arlington, VA 22209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.2600700437/abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_milk

Mughal Emperor Akbar Essay -- Emperors Akbar India Essays

Mughal Emperor Akbar Topic: What were the contribution of the Mughal emperor Akbar to the creation of an Indian national Identity? What were the greatest obstacles to his achievement in this? The greatest of the Mughal’s emperors, Akbar, attempted the creation of a national identity for India by his numerous reforms, literal and cultural development, and policies of integration and organization. His reforms included a liberal policy toward the non-Muslims, religious innovations, the land revenue system and the famous Mansabdari system. His policy of religious toleration became the most significant aspect during his reign. Akbar established a new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi. But Akbar’s attempt to create a national identity and a social equilibrium through his religious and political innovations was met with many obstacles and much opposition. Akbar’s approach to the problem of effectively governing a vast empire, made up of various ethnic groups, was to identify his interests with those of the country and set himself to unite all his subjects. Akbar introduced a policy of reconciliation and assimilation of Hindus, who represented the majority of the population. Akbar understood the importance of tolerance, which was paramount to his dynasty’s long-term viability. The Hindus could only be reconciled by equality of treatment and respect for their institutions. Their employment was beneficial to the empire, as many were better businessmen than the Muslim invaders who were uneducated. Having defeated the Rajputs, the most militant of the Hindu rulers, he allied himself with them, by recruiting many capable Hindu chiefs with the highest ranks in government and by conferring honours upon them. To further build alliance with the Rajputs, he encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Rajput aristocracy, setting himself as an example by marrying daughters of three leading Rajput chiefs. Akbar’s acts of tolerance were aimed at the Hindu community as a whole and not just at the Rajputs, who became one of the pillars of the empire. His efforts to win over the Hindu population included reforms like, allowing all Hindus to practice their own religion without disturbance, and Akbar further flattered them by personally participating in the ... ...letely destroyed by his great-grandson, Emperor Aurangzeb . - 2000 words - Assessment 84% - Has never been submitted anywhere except to the university for assessment. BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCES Allan J. & Dodwell H.H., The Cambridge Shorter History of India, London, Cambridge University Press, 1934. De Riencourt, Amaury., The Soul of India, Revised edn., Great Britain, Honeyglen Publishing, 1986. Lamb, Beatrice Pitney., India: A World in Transition, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Ratman, T., Report on India, London, Oxford University Press, 1943. Rawlinson, H.G., India: A Short Cultural History, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1952. Thapar, Romila., A History of India, vol. 1, London, Penguin Books, 1990. Watson, Francis., A Concise History of India, Great Britain, Thames and Hudson, 1974. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004. accessed 27 July, 2004 accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 28 July, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004

Mythical American Dream Challenged in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesm

Mythical American Dream Challenged in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman challenges the American dream. Before the Depression, an optimistic America offered the alluring promise of success and riches. Willy Loman suffers from his disenchantment with the American dream, for it fails him and his son. In some ways, Willy and Biff seem trapped in a transitional period of American history. Willy, now sixty-three, carried out a large part of his career during the Depression and World War II. The promise of success that entranced him in the optimistic 1920's was broken by the harsh economic realities of the 1930's. The unprecedented prosperity of the 1950's remained far in the future. Willy Loman represents a uniquely American figure: the traveling salesman. Every week, he takes a journey to stake his bid for success. It would be difficult to miss the survival of the American frontier mentality in the figure of the traveling salesman. The idea of the American dream was heavily influenced by the rush for gold and land in the nineteenth-century American West. It is no coincidence that in the 1950's, the decade most preoccupied with the mythical American dream, America experienced an unprecedented love affair with Westerns. Willy and Linda try to build their own version of the American dream with their family. In high school, Biff was the all-American boy as the captain of the football team. True to the myth of the all-American boy, girls and admiring friends surrounded him. Willy and Linda's lives are full of monthly payments on possessions that symbolize that dream: a car, a home, and household appliances. The proliferation of monthly payments allowed families with modest incomes to h... ...une promised by the American dream. He cannot admit doubt or insecurity because a good salesman always remains confident, and the American dream promises success to the confident, eager individual. Death of a Salesman addresses Willy's struggle to maintain his identity in the face of narrowing hopes that he or his sons will ever fulfill his dreams. Works Cited Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Florio, Thomas A., ed. â€Å"Miller’s Tales.† The New Yorker.   70 (1994): 35-36. Miller, Arthur.   The Archbishop’s Ceiling/The American Clock. New York: Grove Press, 1989. ---.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965. ---.   Eight Plays.   New York:   Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

Assignment-I International Business

ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL SUBJECT- GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT NO. -1 DATE: 02/03/11 SUBMITTED TO: Prof. M V NARASIMHAN SUBMITTED BY: Akshay Shah Answer: 1 IMPACT OF POLITICAL TURMOIL IN EGYPT ON GLOBAL BUSINESS: Political turbulence in Egypt in casting a poll on world financial markets driving up the prices of crude oil & food and creating new risks for the shaky world economy in the months ahead. Following are the impacts of political turmoil in Egypt on global business: †¢Oil prices reached last week their highest 110 dollar per barrel of raw oil since 2008 & investors sold off both stocks and bonds of many developing nations, particularly in the middle east. †¢ The turbulence on financial markets shows how political upheaval in one place- first Tunisia, now Egypt- can set off hard to predict reverberations around the world, possibly undermining the global economic recovery. †¢ Investors are most concerned that other Muslim nations, particu larly those of autocratic leadership & vast oil reserves, will soon see their ruling regimes threatened as well. International organizations also trying to monitor more urgent concerns, what’s going on in Egypt has again reminded world that the world economy is not out of the woods & that things we do not anticipate can have a significant negative effect on global markets & risk sentiment. †¢ Because of political & business instability in Egypt- lead with the problems with foreign receipts & currency. †¢ Economist & Investors all around the world have fear that political developments could disrupt oil exports from Saudi Arabia or other oil reserved nations. †¢The greatest threat for global economy- absent a spread of popular revolt to other nations in the middle east or beyond – is the disruption of shopping through the Suez Canal. †¢ In forthcoming days, it will be challenge for government to keep the political stability in Egypt, for smooth busine ss functioning throughout the world & controlling oil prices which are on their peak. Answer 2: IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ECONOMY: In a legal sense, term property refers to a resource over which an individual or business holds a legal title; that is a resource that it owns.Resource include land, building, equipment, capital, minerals rights, business and intellectual property. Property Rights refer to the bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource. Property Rights are important in the global business economy because:†¢ The philosophy behind protecting property rights in the global business economy, as it is reward to the originator of a new invention, books, musical record, clothes design, restaurant chain and the like; for his or her idea & effort.Such property rights are very important stimulus to innovation and creative work. They provide An incentive for peo ple to search for novel ways of doing things and they reward creativity. e. g. – Consider an innovation in automobile industry; say a use of non conventional fuel to be used in all kinds of vehicles with maximum efficiency and low cost of fuel. This gives automobile firms an incentive to undertake the expensive, difficult and time consuming basic research required to generate new fuel. (It can cost $800 million in R & D and take 10 years to set a new fuel in the market) Also economic evidences suggests that high levels of corruption i. e. theft of property rights significantly reduce the foreign direct investment, level of international trade, & economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits corrupts politicians & bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment and hence reduce the incentive of both domestic and foreign businesses to invest in that country. Because of all the above reasons explained it is important to protect property rights to benefit inno vator, consumers and to promote healthy competition.The protection of intellectual property rights differ greatly from country to country. While Many countries have straight intellectual property regulations on their books. Now, 188 countries are members of the â€Å"World Intellectual Property Organization†, all of whom have signed international treaties designed to protect intellectual property. Answer: 3 CULTURE AT WORK PLACE BY GEERT HOEFSTEDE: Of considerable importance for an international business with operations in different countries is a how a society’s culture affects the values found in the workplace.Probably the most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by ‘Geert Hoefstede’. As a part of his ob as a psychologist working for IBM, Hoefstede collected data on employee attitudes and values for more than 1,00,000 individuals from 1967 to 1973. This data enabled him to compare dimensions of culture across 40 countries Hoefstede isolated into 4 dimensions:†¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Power Distance’ dimension focussed on how a society deals with the fact That people are unequal in physical & intellectual capabilities.According to Hoefstede, high power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power & wealth. †¢ The ‘Individualism versus Collectivism’ dimension focussed on the relationship between The individual and his or her fellows. Individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. In societies where collectivism was emphasized; the ties between individuals were tight. †¢Hoefstede’s ‘Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension’ measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations & forecasting uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures plac ed a premium on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits and so on. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were characterized by a greater readiness to take risks & less emotional resistance to change. †¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Masculinity versus Feminity’ dimensions looked at the relationship between gender & work roles.In masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated and traditional â€Å"Masculine Values†, such as achievement & effective exercise of power, determined culture ideals. In Feminine cultures sex roles are sharply distinguished, the little differentiation was made between men & women in the same job. Hoefstede created on index score for each of these 4 dimensions that ranged from 0 to 100 And scored high individualism, high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, & high Masculinity. He averaged the score for all employees from a given country: . g. : Power distance 1) Britain 2) Canada 3) US 4) India 5) Indonesia 6) Mexico 35 39 40 77 78 81 Uncertainty 35 48 46 40 48 82 Individualism Masculinity 89 80 91 48 14 30 From the above table it shows, western nations such as US, Canada, Britain scores High on the individualism scale & low on the power distance scale. At the other extreme are a group of Latin America (Mexico) and Asia (India, Indonesia) that emphasize collectivism over individualism and score high on their power distance scale. 66 52 62 56 46 69

Short History of Mass Comm

A Short History of Mass Communication Theory Paradigm results is a theory that summarizes and is consistent with all known facts and this often leads to a paradigm shift a fundamental, even radical, rethinking of what we believe to be true (Kuhn, 1970). Mass communication theory is a particulary open to such a paradigm shifts due to 3 factors : 1. Advances in technology or the introduction of new media. 2. Calls for control or regulatiin of these new technologies require. 3.As a country commited to protecting democracy and cultural pluralism. These factors produced 4 major eras of mass communication theory A. The era of mass society theory B. The era of scientific perspective C. The era of limited effects of theory D. The era of cultural theory A. THE ERA OF MASS SOCIETY THEORY During the second half of 19th century and the first decades of 20th century mass circulation newspaper and magazines, movies, talkies, and radio all came to prominence at this time.The country’s peacef ul rural nature was beginning to slip further into history, Industrialization and urbanization is spread. The media needed to be controlled to protect traditional values and to prevent similar abuses at home. The resulting paradigm was mass society theory, the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that â€Å"average† people are defenseless against their influence. The fundamental assumption of this paradigm is expressed in the hypodermic needle theory or magic bullet theory.Mass society theory is an example of grand theory, one designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon. Media did have effects, often good ones. B. THE ERA OF THE SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE Scientist determined that different factors led some people to be influenced and others not (Lowery & DeFleur, 1995) The researcher had benefit of advances in survey research, polling, and other social scientific methods developed and championed by Austrian immi grant Paul Lazarsfeld.

Development of Gothic Architecture in Relationship to Medieval Society

The Middle Ages covered a thousand year span. The period began after the schism of the fifth century in which the Roman empire was split into east and west. It continued until the start of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. The medieval period was notable for the origins and development of Gothic architecture. Because there was so much upheaval during the Middle Ages, the one constant was the Church. At that time the only denomination was Catholic.The Church was usually the largest structure in the medieval environment and was a main gathering place in which a variety of functions (which today would be provided by civic  buildings), occurred. (The Middle Ages, 1). Since the holy Catholic Church had already been a powerful institution at the conclusion of the Roman Empire, it continued to be the unifying force among the many small kingdoms that would develop into Europe. Replete with its own laws and large coffers, it wielded much influence during this time ( Enter the Middle Ages, 1).In addition, it had kept much from the ruins of the ancient world and became one of the centers of learning during during the Middle Ages. Not only did the Church preserve much of classical Latin knowledge, but it also maintained the art of writing.The cathedrals developed learning specialties such as rhetoric or logic in schools named cathedral schools. (Middle Ages, Learners. Org, 1). Whether one’s station was that of lowly peasant or of noble lord, the Church touched everyone’s life. Rank or class did not matter. Within towns , with the exception of a small amount of Jews, everyone in Europe was Christian. However, beyond the core areas of western Europe, there remained many people with little or no contact with either Christianity or classical culture.Outside the deurbanized remnants of cities the power of the central government was greatly  lessened and governmental authority was delegated to local lords who supported themselves directly fro m the territories over which they held power. This was the beginning of the feudal system ( Enter the Middle Ages, 1). For safety and defense people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master, living on a manor , which consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and outlying farmland. In exchange for living on his land, the lord gave protection to his serfs. Manors were isolated with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.  (Sobol, 22).Bishops, who were frequently wealthy, and came from noble families, ruled over a group of parishes called a diocese. Parish priests, however, came from humbler backgrounds and often had little education. The village priest tended the poor and sick, and if he was capable, taught Latin and the Bible to the youth of the village. (Enter the Middle Ages, 2). Medieval cathedrals sometimes functioned as marketplaces with the different portals of the mark etplaces containing sellers with their produce: items such as textiles might be at one end, while fuel, vegetables, and meat at another. Sometimes the clergy tried to put a  stop to the marketers. They tried to block access to the cathedral. But it was in vain.The sellers were not taxed on the items they sold inside the church; while the items they sold outside were. (Chartres, 1). The Church was all in all during medieval times. From the moment of its baptism a few days after birth, a child began its life of service to the Lord and to His Church. As the child developed , it would be taught basic prayers- and unless ill- would go to church every week. Every person was required to pay heavy taxes to support the Church.The reward for this was being shown the way to everlasting life and  happiness- a great trade off for lives that were often short and difficult. In addition to collecting taxes, the Church also granted special favors for people who wanted assurance of a place in hea ven. Gifts in the form of land, crops, flocks, and even serfs scrambled into the coffers. All this largess allowed the Church to become very powerful. As a result, it often employed this power to influence kinds and do as they wanted. (Enter the Middle Ages, 2). The power continued with the Pope who was considered to be God’s representative on earth. If someone went against the Church, the Pope could excommunicate them.This meant that the person could not attend any more church services or receive the sacrament, thus ensuring that they would go straight to hell when they died. At a time when everyone believed in heaven and hell, and all belonged to the Church, this excommunication was an unbearable horror. (Ibid, 2). The population increased throughout the Middle Ages. As it expanded in the 12th century, the type of church that had previously been used for worship; the ones built in the Roman or Romanesque style, with round arched roofs, became too small. Some of the grand ca thedrals became maxed to their structural limits.Although they built more mightily, going ever higher and larger, it appeared to be too much and these grander edifices collapsed within a century or less of their construction ( Enter the Middle Ages, 3). Enter a man who was about to change the style of these Middle Age churches and with it, bring forth a whole new field of architecture- gothic. Abbe Suger had been affiliated with the Church of Saint Denis in Paris for a good part of his life. The building needed repairs, so he took on the reconstruction, bringing in the finest of workers from the Low countries and from Italy.For his inspiration, Abbe Suger  looked to Canterbury Cathedral. Pilgrimages had been an important part of religious life in the Middle Ages as people journeyed to visit religious shrines. Suger particularly admired Canterbury Cathedral for its stained glass windows. Desirous of creating a physical representation of the the Heavenly Jerusalem, Suger aimed for a place of light that would speak of the positive aspects of the religious life: Redemption as opposed to the hellfire and damnation that was constantly being sermonized in the dark and dank Romanesque churches.Suger conceived of the idea â€Å"lux continua† – this theory would transform his church into one of  radiance and splendor, magnifying the spirit. He and his team gave themselves to the reconstruction of the church. After a four year renovation, the choir was completed in 1144. In a magnificent ceremony, complete with King Louis VI and Eleanor, and other notables, the church was dedicated to the Lord. With its thin columns, stained glass windows, and a sense of verticality, the choir of Saint Denis originated the elements that would be developed further during the Gothic period. Now architects were able to expand Saint Denis upward to more than twice the height of the earlier cathedral and free the walls to be filled with stained  glass.The great expanse of glass helped Abbe Suger with his goal of â€Å"lux continua†. These brightly colored stained glass windows were decorated with parables and stories of the Bible that would help inform the illiterate in their faith. Trade guilds funded other windows and the decorations contained within demonstrated what life was like during this medieval time. Saint Denis was designed along the lines of sacred geometry: the use of number angles, shapes that mirror the principle of the faithful believer, and flying buttresses that would support those higher ceilings and slender columns; the verticality suggesting aspirations to heaven  Additionally, Saint Denis contained a golden cross and a golden altar where kings and nobles donated their precious jewels (Gothic Art and Abbe Suger, 1)The influence this church had over French architecture was profound because it was also a political symbol. Suger virtually ran the kingdom while Louis VI was away on the Crusade. Yet for Suger, the Church was neither political symbol nor an architectural one, but solely a religious symbol. His main goal in its design was to honor God and Saint Denis. Suger had become fascinated by the religious implications of the light. He had inscribed on the main doors, which  are representative of the passion and resurrection of Christ: The noble work is bright, but being nobly bright; That work should brighten the minds, allowingThem to travel through the light. To the truth where Christianity is the true door (Simson,111). The Gothic style had emerged. It would give rise to the development of many other buildings and cathedrals who copied its characteristics, the most visible of which was its verticality. A skeletal stone structure, pointed arches using the ovoid shape, ribbed vaults, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, flying  buttresses and sculptural gargoyles became part of the Gothic look. (The History of Art, 255).One of the most superlative examples of Gothic architecture can be f ound in Chartres Cathedral. Chartres, fifty miles from Paris, is considered to be extremely outstanding in its use of the Gothic elements. It was rebuilt in the Gothic style after a fire had decimated the building. Called a miracle of stained glass and stone, it was created in the form of a cruciform and dedicated in 1260. Chartres contains one of the most complete collections of medieval stained glass in the world. The Rose Window contains a sun and a rose.Jesus Christ, the Son, represents the sun, while Mary is the rose without thorns. Also there are depictions of kings and lords in additional stained glass, but their lower elevation connotes submission to the Lord. Along with many stained glass windows containing biblical stories which are typological allegories between the Old Testament prophecies and the New Testament, there is much statuary. Rows of arches and niches within the arches contain the statues. (Chartres,Online 1). Within the confines of the Cathedral is a sacred re lic that was given by King Charlemagne. It is called the â€Å"Sancta Camisia,† and is said  to be clothing worn by Mary.Charlemagne received it on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. This clothing, also called the cloak of the Virgin, was the source of much pilgrimage during the medieval times. The Cathedral was the life of the town and these pilgrimages brought in much revenue that the town depended upon. These pilgrimages occurred four times a year. Chartres, Wikipedia, 1). Although Raphael despised the Gothic style and named it derisively after the savage Goths who had ransacked Rome, the style survived and is an everlasting style of beauty and majesty. It is a wonderful contribution from the Middle Ages.

Mkt 421 Wk 1 Individual

Marketing Definitions MKT 421 November 27, 2012 Marketing, what is it? And how is it defined? Marketing is sometimes difficult to grasp for the average person. Though, in the business world marketing is extremely important. Defining marketing and the marketing mix gives a great overview of how understanding marketing and the processes involved are important for a successful organization. Many may have the general idea of what marketing is, but looking it at a micro level brings to play many more aspects that the average eye may not see.A lot more goes into marketing and for myself marketing is what gets the consumers to buy into the product. In the book, Basic Marketing: A marketing plan strategy approach states, â€Å"Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client† (Basic Marketing: A ma rketing plan strategy approach, 2011).Whereas The Columbia Encyclopedia says, â€Å"Marketing includes the activities of all those engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer—not only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who develop, warehouse, transport, insure, finance, or promote the product, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008). Finally, the Marketing Management (14th ed) states that, â€Å"Marketing is about identifying and meeting human and social needs.One of the shortest good definitions of marketing is â€Å"meeting needs profitably† (Marketing Management, 2012). The concept of â€Å"meeting needs profitably† is true because at the end of the day that is the entire purpose of marketing. Spending money is a huge deal for any company and the way we spend â€Å"marketing dollars† can really make or break the product being sold. Although, behind the doors of marketing is a lot of planning and developing to make certain the target market buys into the brand and/or product being advertised.Marketing is a cost that a business must evaluate based off of the return on investment. The marketing plan a business develops really is what can make or break a business especially during start up. Once the business is up and running the marketing investments is just as important. However, at a certain point the research has been done and developed so marketing the next product is easier with the target market in place. An example of this would be each time a company such as Apple comes out with a new product.Apple has already established their brand name and has developed the customer base for their product. They will need to strategize about how they can expand their market, but overall they will be able to develop a sound budget based off the last results. Apple’s marketing has a lot to do with their success. Their marketing strateg y since 2007 has been something to talk about. It was stated that since 2007 Apple as been relying mostly on the media to create buzz about the products. They have also used their products for product placement for TV shows and Movies as marketing (Edwards, 2012).Theses different type of strategies is what takes place during the marketing mix. â€Å"McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing-mix tools of four broad kinds, which he called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place, and promotion† (Marketing Management, 2012). These four Ps are what should be focused on when developing a solid marketing plan. A lot goes into the product first such as variety, quality, design, features, brand name, packaging, sizes, services, warranties, and returns (Marketing Management, 2012).Nike definitely used this first P in making sure they marketed an exclusive product. Nike, starting in 1962 hit the ground running with the idea to make a superior and exclusive product to serve athletes (Marketing Management, 2012). They chose a great product idea to potentially make a lot of money in the long run. Nike developed a superior product and backed it up with price, place, and promotional tactics. Eventually Nike began to hire on spokesmen that were athletes such as Michael Jordan in 1985 when he signed to the NBA as an up and coming rookie.This chance paid off for Nike making them over 100 million in sales the first year alone (Marketing Management, 2012). Having a solid marking plan has played important role for companies such as Apple and Nike. Although, there are some organizations that don’t make a profit and these non-profit organizations use these same tactics that Apple and Nike use as they understand the importance of marketing as well. This goes to show â€Å"meeting needs profitability† and most companies are out to make a profit even when â€Å"they are not†. References Edwards, J. (2012, April 5).Apple's Biggest Marketing Secret Was Revealed In Federal Court. In Business Insider. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http://www. businessinsider. com/apples-biggest-marketing-secret-just-got-revealed-in-federal-court-2012-8 Kotler, P. & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, (P. 2-29). Marketing. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 1. Perreault, W. D. Jr. , Cannon, J. P. , & McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing: A marketing strategy planning approach (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.