Monday, September 30, 2019

Philippine Lit Essay

Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included . . . and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened. The Pre-Spanish Period Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Whatever record our ancestors left were either burned by the Spanish friars in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders which could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made to preserve them. Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved existence of a native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS. B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics. Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like the following epics. a. Bidasari-Moro epic b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic c. Maragtas-Visayan epic d. Haraya-Visayan epic e. Lagda-Visayan epic f. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings 1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young. 2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. 3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witchcraft or enchantment. 4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. 5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. 6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings) The Spanish Period (1565-1898) It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Single Sex Schools

Single Sex Schools In the present era, many of us have heard people, especially parents, discussing different topics concerning their children’s future. What are good things for them and what are not? One of these subjects is which school do you prefer to send your children to, single sex schools or co-ed schools? The answers are different depending on many reasons that support each person’s opinion, but for me I support schooling at single sex schools for the following reasons. First, at single sex schools there are fewer distractions for both boys and girls which lead to increased improvement in grade and test scores thus leading to superior academic achievement. On the contrary, at co-ed schools more fragmentation of attention which reduces the improvement of the education. Second, the students at single sex school have higher educational aspirations, more confidence in their abilities, and more positive attitude toward academics than students have at co-ed schools. Finally, single sex education protects the students from immorality and temptation. As a result, this arrangement will reduce the number of teen pregnancy and the number of students with sexually transmitted diseases that increases at co-education. The only drawback that makes many of the people (parents) not prefer education at these separated schools is the idea that students from single sex schools are more hesitant expressing their views in front of the opposite sex, and they have more trouble forming friendships with the opposite sex as well, but for me that’s not true. I believe they can interact in many different places such as their neighborhoods and other public areas. So let us leave the schools for studying only. In conclusion, I recommend replacing all middle and high schools to single sex schools. Why? Because the game of who likes who, who’s going out with whom, and who’s cool and who’s not, begin in these ages. So to broaden the student’s horizons, to allow them to feel free to explore their own strengths and interests and to create a successful generation I’d say yes to single sex schools. Single Sex Schools Single Sex Schools In the present era, many of us have heard people, especially parents, discussing different topics concerning their children’s future. What are good things for them and what are not? One of these subjects is which school do you prefer to send your children to, single sex schools or co-ed schools? The answers are different depending on many reasons that support each person’s opinion, but for me I support schooling at single sex schools for the following reasons. First, at single sex schools there are fewer distractions for both boys and girls which lead to increased improvement in grade and test scores thus leading to superior academic achievement. On the contrary, at co-ed schools more fragmentation of attention which reduces the improvement of the education. Second, the students at single sex school have higher educational aspirations, more confidence in their abilities, and more positive attitude toward academics than students have at co-ed schools. Finally, single sex education protects the students from immorality and temptation. As a result, this arrangement will reduce the number of teen pregnancy and the number of students with sexually transmitted diseases that increases at co-education. The only drawback that makes many of the people (parents) not prefer education at these separated schools is the idea that students from single sex schools are more hesitant expressing their views in front of the opposite sex, and they have more trouble forming friendships with the opposite sex as well, but for me that’s not true. I believe they can interact in many different places such as their neighborhoods and other public areas. So let us leave the schools for studying only. In conclusion, I recommend replacing all middle and high schools to single sex schools. Why? Because the game of who likes who, who’s going out with whom, and who’s cool and who’s not, begin in these ages. So to broaden the student’s horizons, to allow them to feel free to explore their own strengths and interests and to create a successful generation I’d say yes to single sex schools.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

American Rennassance

How do the differences affect the mood of each piece? Answer: The poems â€Å"The Snow Storm† and â€Å"It Sifts from Leaden Sieves† are alike because they are both describing snow falling and the things the snow covers and how it covers it. The poems are different because Emerson never actually mentions snow but the way he words his poem you know exactly what he’s talking about. Emily Dickenson directly mentions snow so you know right from the start what she is talking about. (20 points) |Score | | | 2. Choose a poem from Whitman, and explain how it reveals Romantic thinking. Cite examples from the poem as your support. Answer: I chose â€Å"To a Stranger† by Whitman. It reveals romantic thinking because he writes, â€Å"you must be he I was seeking, or she I was seeking, (it comes to me as of a dream,). † He describes this like he was looking to find someone he had seen in a dream before. â€Å"I have somewhere surely lived a life of joy with you†, he says. Its sort of like he is describing a deja vu. Like he feels like he had live a life of joy and happiness with a person but is not really sure of it. 20 points) |Score | | | 3. Reread this quotation from near the end of â€Å"Walden Pond†: Many a forenoon have I stolen away, preferring to spend thus the most valued part of the day; for I was rich, if not in money, in sunny hours and summer days, and spent them lavishly; nor do I regret that I did not waste more of them in the workshop or the teacher’s desk. Explain this quotation. Be sure to address the â€Å"wealth† Thoreau claims, his use of that wealth, and his views of the workshop or school Answer: Basically Thoreau is saying that leisure time is a kind of wealth, something that may ultimately be more valuable than money and the material things it might buy. So he doesnt regret the time he played hooky in the middle of the day the most valued part of the day and skipped out of work or other responsible duties, because, although doing so might have prevented him from becoming richer in material goods, hes stored up a lot of experiences that he prizes higher.

Friday, September 27, 2019

(you choose it for me) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(you choose it for me) - Essay Example Nevertheless, I agree that the acquired world as a poetic descendant of England antique origin provided Locke with a symbolic source of natural, individual rights and free will. The above traits went helped in reinforcing his home sponsorship in parliamentary constitutionalism. Locke, like the colonists, knew that the state of nature in the modern world only thrived in a mythic form. Cheating had already been experienced by the American Indians ranging from scarcity of necessities, operation in the distribution and sale of properties including land, and subjections to usurpation and dictatorship crueler than the one subjected to their new colonial neighbors who ran away from England tyranny (Locke 1980, p.79). John Locke symbolically used the word â€Å"property† in two senses: the narrow and the extensive one. Narrowly, the word â€Å"property† submitted to material possessions, whereas, extensively he used the word to symbolize the liberal range of human ambitions and interests. John Locke opinioned that property should be a natural obligation and in order for one to acquire it a lot of labor, and hard work had to be employed. John Locke deems that one endeavors the ownership of a property by working towards achieving the said property. The meaning of this quotation is that the property was there long before even the start of the government, and this means that the state has no rights at all to disorganize the assets of the subjects randomly. Karl Marx feels otherwise about Locke’s theory of property (Locke 1980, p.88). In relation to human nature, Lock deemed the value and importance of these ideas in that tolerance and reason appear as common traits in human beings. I agree that human beings also were purported to act selfishly at one given time of their lives. The statement proved true after the introduction of currency to the society. Locke perceived people to be naturally self

Thursday, September 26, 2019

The marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children Essay

The marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. Setting the research agenda - Essay Example 182-84). In that context, four issues in marketing that need more research to help correct where the problem is and save the children from childhood conditions arise, which include: This paper analyses the article on the basis of the four issues, which includes supporting the available evidences. According to Hastings (2003), in the UK, children are exposed to widespread advertising, and the advertised diet does not meet health standards recommended by healthcare experts (p. 5). In the same perspective, a study by Kelly, Baur, Bauman, King, Chapman, and Smith (2011) noted that sport sponsorship by food firms is extensive and investment of the industry in this marketing is enhanced. Companies in this group include KFC, and McDonalds amongst others. According to Hastings, McDermott, Angus, Stead and Thomas (2006), corporate sponsorship of organizations and events represents a kind of food and beverage where children are highly exposed. According to IEG sponsorship report (2010), sponsorship represents the fastest expanding kinds of marketing with industry spending on the entire sponsorship promotions augmenting by 22% from 2007 to a worldwide value of US$46.3 bil lion. It further indicates that this growth in spending on sponsorship surpasses that of other sales and advertising promotions. Kelly and colleagues (2006) sought to explain why children are very exposed and found in the study by Story and French (2004) that children are Key stakeholders in their parents’ choices. Story and French (2004) found that children are seen by the food industry as a pivotal market sector, as they influence their own purchases and their parents. According to them, developing brand loyalty at that young stage of life also looks for guaranteeing lifelong product purchases. Therefore, it is necessary for the food and beverage companies to advertise to children as they are Key stakeholders. However,

No title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

No title - Essay Example The paper discusses about the technological advancements visualized in the movie â€Å"Minority Report† and critically examines the impact of its certain scenes. Progression of visual aids has been astonishing and better visuals are experienced by the audience in the recent years. Moreover the technological myth which is deflected in the movie indicates that world will be a very different place in the coming years due to rapid technology advancement (Livingston & Plantinga, 2012, p.61). The paper illustrates that what are the impacts of power and surveillance use in the city; how institutional power and private rights must be balanced & where would this technology realm lead us to. The movie Minority Report precisely indicates some of the hazardous circumstances which mankind will be facing in the coming years. A hawk view into the future has been portrayed in the movie. The depiction in the movie portrays that world would be a very difficult place to live in the imminent years. The movie portrays a glimpse of the future and exemplifies that police department power are substantial and considerable. They have established a Pre-crime department which claims to catch criminals before the happening of a crime. The department has installed a gigantic technological setup which has certain formalities. The setup enables Pre-crime police department to have a blueprint about the upcoming crime endeavors, which enables them to catch the convicted at the crime scene and save person from death. There have been no deaths in the past six years since this setup has been installed; but still ambiguity prevails among the Department of Justice that there are some flaws in the system (Minority Report, 2002). The above given picture portrays that pre-crime department does it level best to create peace and harmony in the city hence it invades into the crime scene and stops the crime to occur. The information is gathered before

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Economic policy and global environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economic policy and global environment - Essay Example The reduction in the government spending in 2012 has resulted in falling growth rates over the last three quarters. The shutdown of the government has greatly impacted the government spending. Though these workers will be paid their salaries retroactively, their better halves in the private sector cannot expect the same and this will lower consumption spending in the festive season. The uncertainty in the political environment is likely to affect the investments in the country, which will further result in the weaker growth. Governments Fiscal Policy: Past and Present perspective Historically, the fiscal policies, adopted by the government at state, local or federal levels, have mostly been tailwind for the economy. This implies that it has tried to boost the economy (International Monetary Fund, 2013). This has drawn references from the history that whenever the economy is in recession, the government follows an expansionary fiscal policy. This can be explained with the help of the following graph. Figure 1: Expansionary Monetary Policy (Source: Burnt Hills-Ballstan Lake, n.d.) If the government follows an expansionary policy, either by raising the level of government spending or reducing the level of the taxes, there is an outward expansion of the aggregate demand curve. This is represented by the shift of the curve from AD0 to AD1 (Burnt Hills-Ballstan Lake, n.d.). In this range of the SRAS, there is almost no effect on the rate of inflation which is measured by the price level, measured in the y-axis of the graph. The rationale working here is that during sluggish economic performance, the revenue that can be earned from taxes falls and the level of government spending has... This essay presents a comprehensive economic analysis of the effectiveness of the fiscal policy carried out by American government in 2013 year. Fiscal policy measures are the methods which are applied by the government to adjust the levels of government spending and tax rates that directly influence the growth of an economy. The fiscal policy is used in combination with the monetary policy to control the economic growth. The monetary and fiscal policies can directly affect the rate of inflation and determine whether the country will face conditions of growth or recession In designing the fiscal policies, the government has faced formidable challenges and hence, decided to reduce the level of spending. The rising age of the population, along with rising costs of health care, makes expansionary fiscal policies non-feasible in long run. The rising expenditure by the government would have soon surpassed the revenue earned by government and The analysis has revealed that the government had changed its fiscal policy from expansionary to contractionary for dealing with the recession in the present time. It has been observed that the recent federal shutdown, though for a short period, has slowed down the pace of recovery of the economy. The direct impact was the reduction of the GDP on account of the lay-off of the federal workers. The indirect impact came from the multiplier effects of the government spending cuts. The employment figures were also affected owing to the shutdown and resulted in the loss of investor confidence.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

What factors have shaped the processes of globalization Essay

What factors have shaped the processes of globalization - Essay Example The process of globalization started as earlier as mankind began trading (Garrett 154-171). Throughout history, globalization had had a number of bursts such as the time of great explorers, colonial experience, industrial revolution and transport revolution. The world has progressively shrunk with economic time and space. Globalization can also be defined as a process which based on the international strategies and it aims at expanding the business operations worldwide. It is usually precipitated by facilitation of the global communications in technological advancements, political, environment socioeconomic developments (Guisinger 65-69). Globalization can also be defined as process of the growing interdependence between people in the world. People are linked socially and economically by investments, trade and governance. The links are spurred by the liberalization of trade, information, communication and transport technology. Normally, any global economy is considered as an unpreced ented phenomenon and should not be confused with the economic internationalization. The world economy has been in existence since 16th century based on development of the international trade, migration and foreign investment. The national state acts as engine of the national state. A globalized economy has the potential of working as a unit on a planetary scale and in real time. Globalization may be as a result of growth of the multinational corporations, increased international trade, and application of computer and information technologies and the internationalization of finance (Guisinger 65-69). However, definitions for globalization vary based on approaches and sentiments by the definer. Globalization and globalism are used to express similar phenomena. Globalization is the process while globalism is the approach. The two can be differentiated with usual implication of globalization being negative and globalism being positive; globalization refers to the process through which c orporations move their factories, money and products throughout the world at extremely rapid rates in quest for cheaper raw material, labour, and the government may ignore and abandon the environmental protection, labour and consumer laws. Ideologically, this is unfettered by moral and ethical considerations. On the other hand, globalism entails the belief that the world is a fragile planet form survival, and it requires careful treatment and mutual respect for all the people. Therefore, like all the values and ethical beliefs, it calls for active practice in the daily lives. The three central features undergirding globalism include communication, resource sharing and mutual aid (Guisinger 65-69). Causes of Globalization The state ventures like colonial conquest act as key drivers to the globalization process. Globalization has reflected the market forces, particularly the exploitation the exploitation by both large and small businesses leading to a lot of benefits from the trade in commodities, capital and opportunities for emerging investment and markets. The global economic integration has been perpetrated through the behest of the World War II after leaders in Britain and United States enhanced the establishment of the international monetary fund and World Bank, to promote capitalistic and liberal world to counter the effects of Marxism and Socialism. The World Bank and IMF grant loans on condition that borrowing country reduces the role of the state in economy, remove the restrictions on the foreign investment, decrease

Monday, September 23, 2019

Evaluate WHS management systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluate WHS management systems - Assignment Example That means that employees should be safe from accident and injury. A Work Health and Safety Management System addresses work health and safety within an organization and manage its implementation. Australia as other countries measures its performance of health and safety using compensation claims and developing its health and safety strategy. However, much of legitimate claims are never made because employees do not know about their rights or whether their injury and illness are work-related, besides, workers are afraid to make a claim at all. In such a case, health and safety performance data enables organizations and the entire countries to track dangerous influence of certain occupations and industries on health and safety of their people and make improvement if needed. There is evidence that speaks on the effectiveness of Workplace Health and Safety Management Systems to be dependent upon the level of their implementation, where a more integrated approach is aimed to make the regulation and local co-operation work more efficient for improvement of work environment (Bohle & Quinlan, 2000). In this case, the success of a WHS management system requires high commitment from all levels and functions within a certain organization. Thus, Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No. 10 (2015) provides a balanced and nationally constant framework that secures health and safety of employees and their working places. Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (2015) gives practical guidance about the requirements of the Workplace Health and Safety. Besides, Safe Work Australia agency was also created to coordinate and develop national policy and strategies to provide safer work conditions (Archer, Borthwick, Travers and Ruschena, 2014). Australian Hardware organization, committed to the quality provision of hardware, homewares, garden and building supplies across Australia is among the

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The 2008 Presidential election Essay Example for Free

The 2008 Presidential election Essay The 2008 Presidential election will soon be upon us as many   states have moved their primaries closer to the present day. It therefore would behoove every individual, no matter how apathetic they think that they are about the political process, to identify it and where they lay within the political spectrum. It is a source of great contention for all responsible citizens, when others dismiss our political process and then later complain when they have done nothing to change the status quo and do not even know the names of the candidates. This could have identified myself a few years ago. I took a greater interest in the history of politics than what was happening to my country in the present day. I then became aware of politics and therefore, needed to know where I stood and why.. This does not always hold true and there are certainly exceptions. However, the fact that Republicans base their beliefs on their faith and Democrats base their beliefs upon the Constitution first and perhaps their faith as well, such issues as abortion, gay marriage, stem cell research and the break down of the American family, all have compelled me to place one foot deep in the Republican Party and the other foot outside of both parties in the event that the Republican Party forgets the faith of the people that they represent as did the Democratic Party during the 1960s and 1970s. I consider myself a Kennedy Republican: strong moral and religious faith, unashamed of the greatness of this country, compelled to improve conditions for minorities as well as the poor, but always pushing self responsibility, self control and fiscal conservatism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the earliest and most powerful factors in a variety of aspects within my life, has been my family. It is ironic that the person who I learned the most from, now votes differently than I do. My father is a member of his union at work so he is compelled to vote for the Democratic Party. He does however disagrees with their stances on various social issues. The rest of my family agree with me and usually vote as I do. I come from a nuclear family and as a result, certain experiences are seen as an enigma rather than what was once the norm. My childhood was far from perfect. However, at the end of the day, I knew that my parents would always be there to meet my needs as well as a few of my wants. This did not happen by chance but through hard work and preparation. My parents were married when they were young but did not have children until seven years into their marriage. The reasons for this are two fold: First, they didn’t have the money to   raise a family and second, they first wanted a stable marriage in which to bring a child into the world. As a result, I was afforded a few more opportunities and benefited directly from my parents responsibility. That is one reason why I am a strong believer in personal responsibility. If a person commits a crime, it is his fault alone for committing that particular infraction.   That is why I am against an unfettered welfare system in which positive reinforcement is given for negative behavior. This does exclude those who are truly down on their luck and despite their best efforts, cannot find gainful employment. This does not mean however, that an individual with no job, no education and no significant other who would be there to share the financial and emotional burdens that come from having a child, should continue to receive an escalated rate of payment from the government, because that person chose to have yet another child that they cannot support. The child should not be punished for the irresponsible behavior of his or her parent but the parent should not be rewarded as well. Unfettered welfare irks me to no end. My father worked two jobs in order to support his family. My mother is obese and is in ill health but still works 50-60 hours a week.   Rather than apply for disability benefits which she would surely receive, she cannot consent to accept payments from the government for services that were never rendered.   My father is a painter in the summer and a school teacher the rest of the year. One summer day, he was painting outside and lost his balance.   He fell and fractured his ribs on an air conditioner unit. He was back to work in two days with a bandage on his abdomen. As a family, we were never poor and he could have afforded to stay home for another week but if he could work, he did and continued to do so, six days a week, fifty two weeks out of the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result, I am firmly against continuing government sanctioned positive reinforcement toward negative behavior in the form of unfettered welfare payments. The current welfare system was started under President Lyndon Johnsons War on Poverty† (Schlesinger, 1965 pg. 761) where it was assumed that people would fight and claw their way back to become self sufficient but just needed a helping hand in the process. It could not be fathomed then, as it is still hard to comprehend today, that people would submit to receiving welfare payments for decades and would even have more children out of the motivation of receiving a larger government check. I feel that it is the responsibility of the parent, more than society and surely more than the government, to raise and support that child. I also believe that if the government is going to help and give aid to those families who are temporarily suffering from hard times that should be afforded to them while encouraging that individual to find another job as soon as possible. The government does not exist to serve as a babysitter for the American people. This is not what the rights expressed in the Constitution states and it contrary to the American work ethic which helped to give America the influence that it is long enjoyed. Hard work, responsibility and self control, I learned from my parents. As a result, I find it hard to prescribe to modern Democratic thought that seeks to protect abortion when parental responsibility would have avoided such issues, unfettered welfare while the individual is able to work and universal health care when it is the responsibility of the parent to pay for the bills of their own children.    The second great factor that influences me is my religious faith. More and more people are identifying themselves as atheists. The Republican Party has shown that they have little room for them.. Therefore, they go, sometimes by default, to the Democratic Party and affect the political party that used to stand for Christian values. It has become a sad reality but one cannot hope to gain the Democratic nomination for President unless he or she is pro choice and pro gay marriage to some degree. Also, many Democratic are for stem cell research in which the human embryo is destroyed in the process. The Republicans do not have a monopoly on what is right and moral.. However, the terms: The religious right and the secular left are becoming more and more accurate, although there are many exceptions. As a result, as long as such issues remain so destructive to the American moral fiber of this country, mistakes that the Republicans make, including many aspects of the War on Terror, it is understood, will not last forever and therefore, people should not be switching their vote over to the Democratic Party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how long it takes, the war will be over before babies will be given the protection of life that is seen in the Constitution and if our forefathers were alive today, would cringe at the fact that the practice of killing a human life, sometimes by piercing their brain with a steel rod, is allowed and tolerated in this country. The Bible states that God knew us while we were in our mothers womb. (Bible, 2000 pg. 328) Abortion is avoidable in 99% of the cases if the parents only possessed the desire not have sex until they are ready to endure the full consequences. Some of the blame should be placed at the feet of those who perpetrate this notion of a blameless society in which the consequences of sin which is now regarded as vile as a four letter word, is real and should be avoided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same can be said for the issues of gay marriage and stem cell research. Such things God takes very seriously.   However, the fact that nearly 20,000 murders happen every year with the use of hand guns and Republicans fight so hard to keep that right, might seem to disappoint God as well. The Republicans do not have a monopoly on what God wants for this country. However, serious Christians cannot get past the idea of legalized murder and the continued acceptance of homosexuality by our government. Such notions appeal to many Americans and compels others to wonder what our forefathers would say if they were given the chance to commend on what has happened to the morals of this country. There are many on the political left that shake their head in frustration and disgust when they hear such motivations behind the Republican Party. This will likely be the case as religion becomes a four letter word more now than in recent history, As Muslim extremists hurt, not only the religion of Islam but all religion as those on the outside looking in and trying to understand those who claim a faith as religious fundamentalists and radicals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been a minor resurgence of faith in America but as much as Christians and others of faith push for America to be the country that it once was in the area of religious freedom and expression, secularists will push back just as hard. Although a controversial figure, Bill OReilly corrected identified the problem as a culture war. It was saddening but not surprising that during the Clinton Presidency, the Christmas Tree became rather a holiday tree. When crosses are forbidden to reside in the side of the road as a family member tries to honor the death of a loved one, Christmas is now referred to as X-mas and American soldiers who have paid the ultimate sacrifice to their country in a time of war, yet cannot have any mention of God at their burial if the government is going to sponsor it. When that occurs, it is hard to believe that   there is not a definite war on people of faith in this country and, from my point of view, it is perpetrated by people who identify themselves as politically liberal. This is not an attempt to vilify all Liberals in such a way. The Democratic Party of Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, yes Lyndon Johnson, simply does not exist anymore and Democrats of faith are forced to choose their party over their faith as the two have less and less in common.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once I began to identify with the Republican Party as I grew stronger in my faith, I then wanted to know my role in the political socialization and if I had any role in it. I avoid fights and heated arguments on the issue of politics. Discussing NAFTA or the growing trade deficit is not worth the loss of a friendship as my friends can become rather heated in their discussion of politics. I find it refreshing that I discuss politics with people my own age who actually follow the news. There are many who have become so apathetic about anything that does not involve popular culture, that to discuss politics, one would first need to be aware of the very basics of American Civics to which many are completely ignorant. In those case, I tend to inform my friends about what is going on and sometimes, spin the information to perhaps gain another convert. I would conclude however, that everybody, especially the media, does the same to a much greater degree. If somebody hears the details of partial birth abortions but then the media, in an effort to calm the moral outrage of the viewer, informs them that such things happen in less than 1% of the abortions in this country, I would then inform the same individual that with more than one million abortions committed every year, if only 1/4 of 1% of babies were subjected to this procedure, that meant that every year, twenty five hundred babies were having their brains pierced by a metal rod; a baby with the same number of hands, fingers, feet and toes as one who had just been born. (Johnson, 2004 pg. 1A)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Republicans will probably lose their bid for the White House this year as the war in Iraq has made most Americans tired of the Republican Party and their mismanagement of it. Even the strongest supporter of the White House, questions when and where the Iraq war will end. This will cause a number of people to switch their allegiance to the Democratic Party. However, for the individuals like myself who are in this for the long haul and wish for America, not to become a theocracy, but to remember and respect what made this country great, to resist those who would seek to revise this countrys history and the basis for its laws. However, in an age of such apathy towards such serious issues that face the country in favor of who is the latest to survive the round of cuts on American idol, I am just happy to discuss politics with any informed and enlightened individual;, regardless of their political leanings. Such discussions serve as a welcomed and relaxing respite from what has become Americas most abundant export; mindless and fleeting popular culture. I will follow with great interest, the road that the rest of the country takes during this presidential election next year. WORKS CITED Johnson, Mark   Partial Birth Abortion Ban Challenged by Dems USA Today August 12, 2004 Schlesinger, Arthur  Ã‚   A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House New York: Doubleday Press 1965 Toobin, Jeffrey   The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court  Ã‚   New York: Doubleday Publishers  Ã‚   2007 The Holy Bible  Ã‚   New York: Oxford University Press 2000

Friday, September 20, 2019

Identifying Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters

Identifying Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters We estimate population parameters, such as the mean, based on the sample statistics. It is difficult to get a precise value or point estimation of these figures. A more practical and informative approach is to find a range of values in which we expect the population parameters will fall. Such a range of values is called a confidence interval. 1. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL Definition The confidence interval is a range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. The specified probability is called the level of confidence. The shape of the probability distribution of the sample mean allows us to specify an interval of specific probability that the population mean,  µ, will fall into. 1.1 Large Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Known Case 1: The standard deviation à Ã†â€™ is known; or It is a large sample (i.e. at least 30 observations). The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample means is approximately normal. We can use the tables in the Appendix to find the appropriate Z value. Key Points The standard normal distribution allows us to draw the following conclusions: 68% of the sample means will be within 1 standard deviations of the population mean,  µ. 95% of the sample means will be within 1.96 standard deviations of the population mean,  µ. 99% of the sample means will lie within 2.58 standard deviations of the population mean. These intervals are called the confidence interval. The standard deviation above (i.e. the standard error) is referring to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. Locating 0.475 in the body of the table, read the corresponding row and column values, the value is 1.96. Thus, the probability of finding a Z value between 0 and 1.96 is 0.475. Likewise, the probability of being in the interval between -1.96 and 0 is also 0.475. When we combine these two, the probability of being in the interval of -1.96 to 1.96 is therefore 0.95. 1.1.1 How do you compute a 95% confidence interval? Assume our research involves the annual starting salary of business graduates in a local university. The sample mean is $39,000, while the standard deviation of the sample mean is $250. Assume our sample contains more than 30 observations. The 95% confidence interval is between $38,510 and $39,490. Found by $39,000 +/- 1.96($250) In most situations, the population standard deviation is not available, so we estimate it as follows: (Standard Error) Conclusions: 95% confidence interval 99% confidence interval Confidence interval for the population mean (n > 30) Z depends on confidence level Example 1 The Hong Kong Tourist Association wishes to have information on the mean annual income of tour guides. A random sample of 150 tour guides reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this sample is $2,050. The association would like answers to the following questions: (a) What is the population mean? The best estimate of the unknown population value is the corresponding sample statistic. The sample mean of $45,420 is a point estimate of the unknown population mean. (b) What is a reasonable range of values for population mean? The Association decides to use the 95% level of confidence. To determine the corresponding confidence interval, we use the formula: The endpoints would be $45,169 and $45,671 and they are called confidence limits. We could expect about 95% of these confidence intervals contain the population mean. About 5% of the intervals would not contain the population mean annual income, i.e. the  µ. Figure 2 Probability distribution of population mean 1.2 Small Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Unknown Case 2: The sample is small (i.e. less than 30 observations) or, the population standard deviation is not known. The correct statistical procedure is to replace the standard normal distribution with the t distribution. The t distribution is a continuous distribution with many similarities to the standard normal distribution. 1.2.1 Standard normal distribution versus t distribution Figure 3 Z distribution versus t distribution The t distribution is flatter and more spread out than the standard normal distribution. The standard deviation of the t distribution is larger than the normal distribution. Confidence interval for a sample with unknown population mean, à Ã†â€™. The confidence interval is Assume the sample is from a normal population. Estimate the population standard deviation (à Ã†â€™) with the sample standard deviation (s). Use t distribution rather than the Z distribution. Example 2 A shoe maker wants to investigate the useful life of his products. A sample of 10 pairs of shoes that had been walked for 50,000 km showed a sample mean of 0.32 inch of sole remaining with a standard deviation of 0.09 cm. Constructing a 95% confidence interval for the population mean, would it be reasonable for the manufacturer to conclude that after 50,000 km the population mean amount of sole remaining is 0.3 cm? Assume the population distribution is normal. The sample standard deviation is 0.09 cm. There are only 10 observations and hence, we use t distribution Estimation: = 0.32, s = 0.09, and n = 10. Step 1: Locate t by moving across the row for the level of confidence required (i.e. 95%). Step 2: The column on the left margin is identified as df. This refers to the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degree of freedom is the number of observations in the sample minus the number of samples, written n-1.(i.e. 10-1=9). Step 3: Confidence Interval = The endpoints of the confidence interval are 0.256 and 0.384. Step 4: Interpretation the manufacturer can be reasonably sure (95% confident) that the mean remaining tread depth is between 0.256 and 0.384 cm. Because 0.3 is in this interval, it is possible that the mean of the population is 0.3. 2. CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE The necessary sample size depends on three factors: Level of confidence wanted: To increase level of confidence, increase n. Margin of error the researcher will tolerate: To reduce allowable error, increase n. Variability in the population being studied: For a more widely dispersed sample, increase n. We can express the interaction among these three factors and the sample size in the following formula: Sample size for estimating the population mean, Note: n: Sample size Z: Standard normal value S: Estimate of population standard deviation E: Maximum allowable error Example 3 An accounting student wants to know the mean amount that independent directors of small companies earn per month as remuneration for being a director. The error in estimating the mean is to be less than $100 with a 95% level of confidence. The student found a report by the government that estimated the standard deviation to be $1000. What is the required sample size? Maximum allowable error, E, is $100. Value of Z for a 95% level of confidence is 1.96, and the estimate of the standard deviation is $1000. Substitute into , we get n = [ (1.96) (1000) ] 2 = 19.62 = 384.16 100 The sample of 385 is required to meet the requirements. If the students want to increase the level of confidence, e.g. 99%, this requires a larger sample. Z = 2.58, so n = [ (2.58) (1000) ] 2 = 25.82 = 665.64 100 Sample = 666 3. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Definitions Hypothesis is a statement about a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing. Hypothesis testing is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement. In statistical analysis, we always make a claim about the population parameters, i.e. a hypothesis. We collect data and then use the data to test the assertion. 4.1 Five-Step Procedure For Testing A Hypothesis Figure 4 How to test a hypothesis 4.1.1 Step 1: State null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) The first step is to state the hypothesis being tested. It is called the null hypothesis. We either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Failing to reject the null hypothesis does not prove that H0 is true. The null hypothesis is a statement that is not rejected unless our sample data provide convincing evidence that it is false. The alternative hypothesis is a statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false. Example 4 A journal has disclosed that the mean age of commercial helicopters is 15 years. A statistical test of this statement would first need to determine the null and the alternate hypotheses. The null hypothesis represents the current or reported condition. It is written H0:  µ = 15. The alternate hypothesis is that the statement is not true, i.e. H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   15. 4.1.2 Step 2: Select a level of significance The level of significance is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. A decision is made to use the 5% level, 1% level, 10% level or any other level between 0 and 1. We must decide on the level of significance before formulating a decision rule and collecting sample data. Type I error: Rejecting the null hypothesis, H0, when it is true. Type II error: Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false. Example 5 Suppose AA Watch Ltd has informed bracelet suppliers to bid for contract on the supply of a large amount of bracelets. Suppliers with the lowest bid will be awarded a sizable contract. Suppose the contract specifies that the watch producers quality-assurance department will take samples of the shipment. H0: The shipment of bracelet contains 6% or less substandard bracelets. H1: More than 6% of the boards are defective. A sample of 50 bracelets received August 2 from BB Metals Ltd revealed that four bracelets, or 8%, were substandard. The shipment was rejected because it exceeded the maximum of 6% substandard bracelets. If the shipment was actually substandard, the decision to return the bracelets to the supplier was correct. However, suppose the four substandard bracelets selected in the sample of 50 were the only substandard bracelets in the shipment of 4,000 bracelets. Then only 1/10 of 1% were defective (4/4000 = 0.001). In that case, less than 6% of the entire shipment was substandard and rejecting the shipment was an error. We may have rejected the null hypothesis that the shipment was not substandard when we should have accepted the null hypothesis. By rejecting a true null hypothesis, we committed a Type I error. AA Watch Ltd would commit a Type II error if, unknown to the company an incoming shipment of bracelet from BB Metals Ltd contained 15% substandard bracelets, yet the shipment was accepted. How could this happen? Suppose two out of the 50 bracelets in the sample (4%) tested were substandard, and 48 out of the 50 were good bracelets. As the sample contained less than 6% substandard bracelets, the shipment was accepted but it could be purely by chance that the 48 good bracelets selected in the sample were the only acceptable ones in the entire shipment. In conclusion: Null Hypothesis Accepts H0 Rejects H0 H0 is true Correct decision Type I error H0 is false Type II error Correct decision 4.1.3 Step 3: Select the test statistics There are many test statistics. In this chapter, we use both Z and t as the test statistic. Definition A test statistic is a value, determined from sample information, used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. In hypothesis testing for the mean ( µ) when à Ã†â€™ is known or the sample size is large, the test statistic Z is computed by: The Z value is based on the sampling distribution of , which follows the normal distribution when the sample is reasonably large with a mean () equal to  µ, and a standard deviation , which is equal to . We can thus determine whether the difference between and  µ is statistically significant by finding the number of standard deviations is from  µ, using the formula above. 4.1.4 Step 4: Formulate the decision rule Definition A decision rule is a statement of the specific conditions under which the null hypothesis is rejected and the conditions under which it is not rejected. The region or area of rejection defines the location of all those values that are so large or so small that the probability of their occurrence under a true null hypothesis is rather remote. The area where the null hypothesis is not rejected is to the left of 1.65. The area of rejection is to the right of 1.65. A one-tailed test is being applied. The 0.05 level of significance was chosen. The sampling distribution of the statistic Z is normally distributed. The value 1.65 separates the regions where the null hypothesis is rejected and where it is not rejected. The value 1.65 is the critical value. The critical value is the dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not rejected. Figure 5 Area of rejection for the null hypothesis 4.1.5 Step 5: Make a decision The final step in hypothesis testing is computing the test statistic, comparing it to the critical value, and making a decision to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. Based on the information, Z is computed to be 2.34, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 0.05 level of significance. The decision to reject H0 was made because 2.34 lies in the region of rejection, i.e. beyond 1.65. We would reject the null hypothesis, reasoning that it is highly improbable that a computed Z value this large is due to sampling variation. Had the computed value been 1.65 or less, say 0.71, the null hypothesis would not be rejected. It would be reasoned that such a small computed value could be attributed to chance. Example 6 A large car leasing company wants to buy tires that average about 60,000 km of wear under normal usage. The company will, therefore, reject a shipment of tires if tests reveal that the life of the tires is significantly below 60,000 km on the average. The company would be glad to accept a shipment if the mean life is greater than 60,000 km. However, it is more concerned that it will have sample evidence to conclude that the tires will average less than 60,000 km of useful life. Thus, the test is set up to satisfy the concern of the car leasers that the mean life of the tires is less than 60,000 km. The null and alternate hypotheses in this case are written H0:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 60,000 and H1:  µ In this problem, the rejection region is pointing to the left, and is therefore in the left tail. Summary: If H1 states a direction, we use a one-tailed test. If no direction is specified in the alternate hypothesis, we use a two-tailed test. Figure 6 One-tailed test 5. TESTING FOR POPULATION MEAN WITH KNOWN POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION 5.1 Two-tailed Test ABC Watch Ltd manufactures luxury watches at several plants in Europe. The weekly output of the Model A33 watch at the Swiss Plant is normally distributed, with a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 16. Recently, because of market expansion, mechanisation has been introduced and employees laid off. The CEO would like to investigate whether there has been a change in the weekly production of the Model A33 watch. To put it another way, is the mean output at Swiss Plant different from 200 at the 0.01 significant levels? 5.1.1 Step 1: State null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis The null hypothesis is The population mean is 200. H0:  µ = 200. The alternate hypothesis is The mean is different from 200. H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   200. 5.1.2 Step 2: Select the level of significance The 0.01 level of significance is used. This is ÃŽÂ ±, the probability of committing a Type I error, and it is the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. 5.1.3 Step 3: Select the test statistic The test statistic for the mean of a large sample is Z. Figure 7 Normalise the standard deviation 5.1.4 Step 4: Formulate the decision rule The decision rule is formulated by finding the critical values of Z from Appendix D. Since this is a two-tailed test, half of 0.01, or 0.005, is placed in each tail. The area where H0 is not rejected, i.e. area between the two tails, is 0.99. Appendix D is based on half of the area under the curve, or 0.5. Then 0.5 0.005 is 0.495, so 0.495 is the area between 0 and the critical value. The value nearest to 0.495 is 0.4951. Then read the critical value in the row and column corresponding to 0.4951. It is 2.58. Decision rule: Reject H0 if the computed Z value is not between -2.58 and +2.58. Do not reject H0 if Z falls between -2.58 and +2.58. Figure 8 Two-tailed test 5.1.5 Make a decision and interpret the result Compute Z and apply the decision rule to decide whether to reject H0. The mean number of watches produced weekly for last year is 203.5. The standard deviation of the population is 16 watches. Because 1.55 does not fall in the rejection region, H0 is not rejected. We conclude that the population mean is not different from 200. So we would report to the CEO that the sample evidence does not show that the production rate at the Swiss plant has changed from 200 per week. The difference of 3.5 units between the historical weekly production rate and the mean number of watches produced weekly for last year can reasonably be attributed to sampling error. Figure 9 Rejection regions for the two-tailed test So did we prove that production rate is still 200 per week? No! Failing to disprove the hypothesis that the population mean is 200 is not the same thing as proving it to be true. 5.2 P-value In Hypothesis Testing Definition P-value is the probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. How confident are we in rejecting the null hypothesis? This approach reports the probability of getting a value of the test statistic at least as extreme as the value actually obtained. This process compares the probability called the P-value, with the significant level. If the P-value If the P-value > significant level, H0 is not rejected. A very small P-value, such as 0.0001, indicates that there is little likelihood the H0 is true. If a P-value of 0.2033 means that H0 is not rejected, there is little likelihood that it is false. Figure 10 P-value P-value Interpretation Less than 0.1 Some evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.05 Strong evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.01 Very strong evidence that H0 is not true Less than 0.001 Extremely strong evidence that H0 is not true The probability of finding a Z value of 1.55 or more is 0.0606, found by 0.5 0.4394. The probability of obtaining an greater than 203.5 if  µ = 200 is 0.0606. To compute the P-value, we need to be concerned with the region less than -1.55 as well as the values greater than 1.55. The two-tailed P-value is 0.1212, found by 2(0.0606). The P-value of 0.1212 is greater than the significance level of 0.01, so H0 is not rejected. Chapter Review The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample means is approximately normal. The standard error refers to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. We use t distribution when the sample is less than 30 observations and the population standard deviation is not known. The necessary sample size depends on 1) level of confidence wanted ; 2) margin of error the researcher will tolerate; 3)variability in the population.   By rejecting a true null hypothesis, we committed a Type I error. We would reject the null hypothesis when it is highly improbable that a computed Z value this large is due to sampling variation. What You Need To Know Confidence interval: A range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. Hypothesis: A statement about a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing. Hypothesis testing: A procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement. Critical value: The dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not rejected. P-value: The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. Work Them Out 1. The average number of days in outdoors assignments per year for salespeople employed by an electronic wholesaler needs to be estimated with a 0.90 degree of confidence. In a small sample, the mean was 150 days and the standard deviation was 14 days. If the population mean is estimated within two days, how many salespeople should be interviewed? A 134 B 152 C 111 D 120 2. A random sample of 85 staff of managerial grade revealed that a person spent an average of 6.5 years on the job before being promoted. The standard deviation of the sample was 1.7 years. Using the 0.95 degree of confidence, what is the confidence interval for the population mean? A 6.19 and 6.99 B 6.15 and 7.15 C 6.14 and 6.86 D 6.19 and 7.19 3. The mean weight of lorries travelling on a particular highway is not known. A state highway authority needs an estimate of the mean. A random sample of 49 lorries was selected and finds the mean is 15.8 tons, with a standard deviation of 3.8 tons. What is the 95 per cent interval for the population mean? A 14.7 and 16.9 B 14.2 and 16.6 C 14.0 and 18.0 D 16.1 and 18.1 4. A bank wants to estimate the mean balances owed by platinum Visa card holders. The population standard deviation is estimated to be $300. If a 98% confidence interval is used and an interval of $75 is desired, how many platinum cardholders should be taken into sample? A 84 B 82 C 62 D 87 5. A sample of 20 is selected from the population. To determine the appropriate critical t-value, what number of degrees of freedom should be used? A 20 B 19 C 23 D 27 6. If the null hypothesis that two means are equal is true, where will 97% of the computed z-values lie between? A  ± 2.58 B  ± 2.38 C  ± 2.17 D  ± 1.68 7. Suppose we are testing the difference between two proportions at the 0.05 level of significance. If the computed z is -1.57, what is our decision? A Reject the null hypothesis B Do not reject the null hypothesis C Review the sample D Own judgment 8. The net weights of a sample of bottles filled by a machine manufactured by Dame, and the net weights of a sample filled by a similar machine manufactured by Putne Inc, are (in grams): Dame: 5, 8, 7, 6, 9 and 7 Putne: 8, 10, 7, 11, 9, 12, 14 and 9 Testing the claim at the 0.05 level that the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Putne machine is greater than the mean weight of the bottles filled by the Dame machine, what is the critical value? A 2.215 B 2.175 C 1.782 D 1.682 9. Which of the following conditions must be met to conduct a test for the difference in two sample means? A Data must be of interval scale B Normal distribution for the two populations C Same variances in the two populations D All the above are correct 10. Take two independent samples from two populations in order to determine if a statistical difference on the mean exists. The number for the first sample and the number in the second sample are 15 and 12 respectively. What is the degree of freedom associated with the critical value? A 24 B 25 C 26 D 27 SHORT QUESTIONS A consumer group would like to estimate the mean monthly water charge for a single family house in June within $5 using a 99% level of confidence. Similar research has found that the standard deviation is estimated to be $25.00. What would be the sample size? The manager of the Kingsway Mall wants to estimate the mean amount spent per shopping visit by customers. A sample of 20 customers reveals the following amounts spent. $48 $42 $46 $51 $23 $41 $54 $37 $52 $48 $50 $46 $61 $61 $49 $61 $51 $52 $58 $43 What is the best estimate of the population mean? Determine a 99 per cent confidence interval. Interpret the result. Would it be reasonable to conclude that the population mean is $50? What about $60? ESSAY QUESTION 1. ABC Film Ltd knows that a certain favourite movie ran an average of 84 days, and the corresponding standard deviation was 10 days. The manager of New Westminster district was interested in comparing the movies popularity in his region with that in all of Canadas other theatres. He randomly selected 70 theatres in his region and found that they showed the movie for an average of 82 days. (a) State appropriate hypotheses for testing whether there was a significant difference in the length of the pictures run between theatres in the New Westminster district and all of Canadas other theatres. (b) Test these hypotheses at a 1% significance level.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Background of the Catholic Church Essay -- Religion Papers

Background In the Western world, the schism within the Catholic Church has made its most significant impact due to rapid changes in social standards. Of greatest importance is the evolution of modern society and their response to the reverberated traditions of the Catholic Church as well as the evolving Protestant sects. In consequence of increases in technology and science, modern society has redefined its acceptable and moral behavioral standards within a social setting, whereas, the Catholic Church stands firm in its doctrines despite social and moral movements in the twentieth century. Except for the Second Vatican Council and the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church has not worked to revise its religious traditions in response to a changing society. As a consequence with this unparalleled development, many young adults and the population in general has swayed from the devout Catholic worship.1 From my personal experience I have found it difficult to accept the strict doctrines of the Catholic Church due to a social lifestyle that takes precedent. Secondly, I have appreciation for other religions, particularly Hinduism and sects within Christianity. My attitude does not necessarily correspond with that of the Catholic Church. Specifically, the Catholic Church perceives itself as the only divine route to Heaven. From my perspective, having been born and raised Catholic, I feel that Catholicism strongly disfavors any exploration of other religions or even tolerance of additional religions. I feel that this intolerance is subtly communicated to worshipers. Even if this intolerance it not communicated, there are not measures taken to inform worshipers about other religious practices. This stance is probably ... ...ery emotional responses such as tears. However, this should not be a discouragement because all Catholics are very sensitive to this dramatic difference in celebrating God and it does take time to get use to. Mainly it must be known that whether Protestant or Catholic we are worshipping to the same God. By taking a step back and analyzing the differences in religious celebration of this mystery, one can realize the true similarities between the too. In this realization Catholics will be able to fully appreciate and identify with Protestant religious ceremonies. References: 1 Momen, M. The Phenomenon of Religion: A Thematic Approach. Oxford: 1999, 475. 2 DeBruyn, R. Today’s Missal: April 8-June 9, 2001. Oregon: 2000, 81. 3 DeBruyn, R. Today’s Missal: April 8-June 9, 2001. Oregon: 2000, 86. 4 St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church. Boston: 2001, 2.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Omar Khayyam The Enigma :: essays research papers fc

PROLOGUE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Omar Kahyyam was primarily a mathematician and an astronomer. He was an extremely intelligent individual who wrote many theories in physics and metaphysics. He is also attributed with the reformation of the Persian calender with seven other great intellects to create a calender more accurate than the Gregorian calender. Ironically he is known to the world today for his translated collection of lyrical quatrains called the Rubaiyat. His life and works are somewhat of a mystery because he was rather unpopular until after his death. Yet the work he is most known and beloved for is considered to have been a gross mistranslation of both character and content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will be divided into six sections. The first is the prologue. The prologue was used to introduce Omar to the reader. Next there will be a brief biography of his life and major influences of his work. Following this will be a section on his magnum opus and only work, The Rubaiyat. This will include literary criticism of his famous work. After this there will be a brief conclusion to sum up the overall paper followed by an epilogue with my opinion on Khayyam. Finally in my bibliography the reader will see my sources for research and my opinion on those books.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I. OMAR KHAYYAM, THE ENIGMA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the history of world literature Omar Khayyam is an enigma. No poet of any time period has received greater recognition and fame through such a enormous misreading of his work. Known today world wide, Khayyam’s works would undoubtable be unheard of in modern day literature in they were not translated by English writer Edward FitzGerald. The paradox is that FitzGerald misinterpreted both Khayyam and his works in his translation to start an unending conflict1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FitzGerald added to his editions of the Rubaiyat a biographical sketch entitled â€Å"Omar Khayyam: The Astronomer Poet of Persia.† In this he wrote his opinion that Khayyam was an anti-religious materialist who believed life’s only meaning was to be found in wine, song, and worldly pleasures:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having failed (however mistakenly) of finding any Providence but Destiny, and any world but this, he set about making the most of it; preferring rather to soothe the soul through the senses into acquiescence with things as he saw them, than to perplex it with vain disquietude after what they might be.... He takes a humorous or perverse pleasure in exalting the gratification of sense above that of intellect, in which he must have taken great delight, although it failed to answer the questions in which he, in common with all men, was most vitally interested2.

Does th FAA over regulate the aviation industry :: Essays Papers

Does th FAA over regulate the aviation industry The roots of today’s aviation regulations extend back to December 17, 1903 when the Wright Brothers first took to the skies in North Carolina. The Wright Brothers set the stage for aviation regulation. After World War I returning pilots bought some surplus war airplanes and went into business. These pilots were known as the barnstormers. These barnstormers performed acrobatic shows and gave local people rides. During this period of time the public perception of the aviation industry was that of a daredevil or reckless. Aviation took off very slowly because it was too expensive for most consumers. Primarily the wealthy were able to take trips to the East Coast. Uses of aviation included advertising, aerial photography, crop dusting and carrying illegal shipments of alcohol during the prohibition. Growth of commercial aviation was greatly influenced when the U.S. Air Mail Service was created in the early 1920’s. The Post Office was one of the first to impose aviation regulations. It required its pilots to be tested, pass medical exams and have at least 500 hours of flying experience. The Post Office set up aircraft inspection schedules and preventive maintenance programs for the pilots to have a safe airplane to fly. These early regulatory requirements improved air carrier safety. During the infancy of aviation no federal safety program existed. Some states passed legislation that required aircraft licensing and registration. Local governments passed ordinances that regulated flight operations and pilots. What this created was a patchwork of safety related requirements. In 1926 Congress passed the Air Commerce Act, which created the Department of Commerce. Historically the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) dates from the Air Commerce Act of 1926. This was the first federal legislation of the government in aviation safety. The government finally realized that by regulating aviation a safer aviation industry could be attained. For example the Post Office suffered one fatality for 463,000 hours of flying versus non-regulated flying there was one fatality per 13,500 hours. As seen by regulating aviation safety is vastly increased. The Department of Commerce had the regulatory authority over commercial aviation. They began by regulating aircraft and pilots in interstate and the foreign commerce.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Ikea Invades America

IKEA has definitely made great strides since coming to America in 1985. The case study points at many areas where idea has made huge impacts on the American furniture retail industry. Looking at Exhibit 1 you can see steady growth in sales, Exhibit 3 shows the United States as the third largest buyer of IKEA’s goods, Exhibit 4 shows the Unites States as having the second most number of IKEA outlets in the world and Exhibit 8 shows them as being 14 in sales in America. Looking around at my friends places there is definitely tons of things bought at IKEA.While all these statistics show a very successful movement into the United States for IKEA I feel that there could be some obstacles IKEA could encounter in the future. As it said in the case study generally IKEA’s products don’t last more than a couple of years and that normally don’t have the endurance to survive a move to a new apartment. With how American’s historically purchase furniture, â€Å" change their spouse as often as their dining room table, about 1. 5 times in a lifetime. † (Moon, 2004), this would seem at odds with the type of product that IKEA offers.The idea that you have to assemble the furniture yourself is something that would seem to turn a large percentage of Americans away from buying an IKEA product. I personally have found some of the things I have bought from IKEA to be very challenging to put together. Another aspect of IKEA is their lack of product depth; it seems that a lack of selection would hurt IKEA in the American market. Outside of these differences in what IKEA has and American tastes there is a lot that IKEA has done very well with in America. IKEA seems to have established itself as the low price leader in the minds of most consumers.As we find ourselves in a time of economic downturn and everybody seems to be trying to save a little here and there that is huge for a retailer. The childcare aspect of the retail outlets is a huge plus to get families to come shopping and buy from you. If you can drop the kids off to play and you end up getting your shopping done in half the time I would have taken if your kids were with you than is a major factor in where you decide to shop. The restaurant in the store is great and the menu items they offer are unique the setting they offer them in.I can remember my parents saying â€Å"let’s go to IKEA and get some Swedish meatballs. † Also the idea that you can walk away with what you bought that day leaves the consumer with a sense of satisfaction that next day delivery doesn’t achieve. Solutions to some of the problems seem to be easily attainable. When looking at the issue of durability you would say that many of their customers don’t go to IKEA to buy a product that lasts generations, so conveying to their customers that they shouldn’t expect to be buying a product that you can hand down to your children would help.The idea that consumers in this generation solve problems by just buying a new product to replace the broken one really helps externally to solve that problem. IKEA could offer an group like â€Å"geek squad† to consumers, for an extra charge, that would bring the product to your home and assemble it could help to attract â€Å"lazy† Americans who don’t want to assemble the furniture themselves. Ultimately the consumers that they market to don’t need any changes to what IKEA does. IKEA provides the experience of buying what is perceived to be a high quality product for an affordable price.It would seem the IKEA experience is something that people line up to do and it seems to be a very successful model for IKEA. I wouldn’t recommend any changes to what IKEA does. Why would you change something that is working so well? Overall IKEA seems to have done a very good job in creating a sector where they can carve out a profit. You are always going to have price conscious consum ers looking for something that looks nice and is affordable and IKEA can offer people that hands down. Ikea Invades America 1. What factors account for the success of IKEA? Three factors account for IKEA’s success in the furniture retailing industry: First, their Scandinavian designs are simple but unique. In the past, IKEA’s designs were functional at best, ugly at worst (Moon, 2004). The company had gradually but deliberately adopted a more distinct design aesthetic (Moon, 2004). Second, IKEA is cost efficient. As back as 1956, IKEA began testing flat packages. IKEA designs products so that they can be packed flat and then, customers can assemble the furniture, thus reducing costs.It also creates extra storage space and the capability of shipping more items, while labor costs are reduced and transport damages are avoided (Moon, 2004). Third, their product strategy provides IKEA with a competitive advantage. IKEA has a product strategy council that establishes product priorities and a product developer that uses â€Å"the matrix† to set targets for their retail prices, that are usual ly 30-40% lower than its competitors (Moon, 2004). 2. What do you think of the company’s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case?What is most important about IKEA’s product strategy and product range is their matrix, which is simple enough, yet very useful at creating market opportunities. The matrix also creates a way of accepting or declining a product, manufacturer, or designer, thus cutting costs (Moon, 2004). 3. Despite its success, there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of the downsides? IKEA’s vision statement in Figure C of the case describes how the company seeks to build a partnership with its customers. What do you think of the vision statement?Probably the most important downside is the life span of the furniture. When you shop at IKEA, you know that their furniture would not last more than a couple of years (if you are lucky). Another downside is that the custom er has to assemble the furniture themselves. IKEA does not offer an assembly service as many other furniture stores and this can be troublesome. As for their vision statement, it seems a little too far out. The company wants to create a long lasting relationship with its customers, but many of them will not come back for more. This is due, as explained above, because the ustomer has to assembly the furniture with the help of instructions that sometimes can be hard to follow for the beginner. The company should implement an assembly team, for those that may need that extra help. 4. IKEA plans to grow in the United States by 50 stores in operation by 2013 which is an indication of how optimistic the company is about the viability of its value proposition in this country. Do you think IKEA is being overly optimistic in its growth plans? How would you improve IKEA’s value proposition to make it even more attractive to Americans? 0 stores by 2013 do not seem to be an overly optimi stic number. By opening more stores, the company will be reaching more customers, will be closer to existing ones, and will be in the minds of more people. I would also say that Americans have a long history of purchasing products that last, so placing more attention to durability can help the company. They can also offer more services, better customer service for their stores, and easier to find merchandise (their system may say that a chair is found on section 4, when in reality, the chair is in another section). 5.To achieve the kind of growth IKEA is hoping for, should the company change its product strategy? If so, in what way (s)? What about its product range–are there limitations to the matrix approach? Should the company expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points? In what other ways should the company change its product lineup? I believe that their strategy has been working for a while and its core should not be changed. The produ ct matrix does not specifically state what qualifies a product as a high, medium, or low price, there can be percentages applied for the price ranges (Moon, 2004).Subcategories can be added to the matrix. The company can expand its product lineup to include a greater number of styles and price points, thus providing the company with complete reports to help them gain advantage over their competitors. 6. If you had to predict, what do you think IKEA’s value proposition and product lineup will look like in 10 years? In ten years, their value proposition can encompass more services to buyers after their purchases. They have to keep with new trends in the industry as well as more products for its customers. 7. Some industry observers have suggested IKEA open a umber of smaller, satellite stores across the United States in shopping malls, strip malls, etc. offering a limited range of IKEA products. These IKEA â€Å"lite† stores would give the consumers who do not have acces s the full-size IKEA stores the opportunity to experience the brand. In addition, consumers who live near a full-size IKEA store could use these smaller stores to make minor purchases such as mugs or dishes as opposed to an entire living room. Do you agree with the idea? Why or why not? The idea of opening smaller or satellite stores across the US can help IKEA to reach more customers.Some customers live in areas where the closes IKEA store is miles away, and these smaller stores can be of great convenience to them and more profits for the company. Some items, as the Ticka alarm clock and clothes hangers (Moon, 2004) are items that are used daily by households and that if offered in more places, the revenues for the company should go up. Both parties will benefit from this idea. 8. Toyota, Nissan, BMW, Honda, and other automobile companies have built manufacturing plants in the United States. IKEA imports all of its furniture from sources outside the United States.Does IKEA have a r esponsibility to add the manufacturing of furniture in the United States, assuming its store expansion takes place? IKEA does not have the responsibility to add manufacturing of furniture here in the United States, but it is an idea that will benefit not only the company and its customers (by having lower prices for production and thus, for the final product) but also will generate much needed jobs. 9. People are used to buying furniture that lasts a long time. Do you think it is ethical for IKEA to sell furniture that doesn’t last a long time?What if the customer of IKEA is not aware of the position IKEA takes that furniture is not forever? Should they make the customer aware that their furniture is not intended to last a long time? I do not believe that it is unethical to sell lower quality products, if the price matches what you are paying for. Most consumers are aware that if they pay low prices, the quality is going to be compromised. IKEA can include on their product in structions a prediction of the life span of it, reducing the risk of being looked as cheap and of bad quality.

Monday, September 16, 2019

What Is It About Theories in the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences That Makes Them Convincing

When I was very young, my science teacher taught me Charles Darwin’s evolution theory, and I never doubted that theory since Darwin is a well-known scientist and the authority in the field of biology. Until one day, I became a Christian; I need to accept another theory which is that human beings are created by God. My knowledge had a crash. I have never seen neither earlier species develop to human beings nor God creates human beings by using mud. That is when I started to question the knowledge that I have acquired from all the areas of knowledge. Why I am convinced by the theories?What do I or should I really believe? When I was first introduced to Newton’s third law of motions which is the mutual force of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear; I doubted it for a very long time. Since every time when I play roller skate and hit to a wall, I am the one who falls and got hurt, then how can I believe the wall got the same mutual force f rom me as well? However, one day, my teacher brought two same sized basketballs to the class. He put both of them on the floor and called two students to push the balls.When the basketballs collided with each other; both of them started to move backward. That is how my teacher proved Newton’s third law of motion and that’s when I started to believe. My sight as one of the sense perception witnessed someone prove the law and based on the past experiences, my sense perception rarely lies to me ergo I accepted something that I did not believe in natural science because of my faith in the sense perception. Also, as an IB natural science student, I knew that there is a very strict systematic methodology (observation, hypothesis, experiment, law, and theory) in natural science.If some scientist wants to find a theory form his or her observation then he or she needs to follow the methodology precisely so that other scientist could use the same method to recreate the experimen t and to prove the theory. In other words, natural science is universal; the theory will not change because of culture, gender or age etc. just like playing piano, as long as one gets the piano sheets, the melody that he or she plays will be the same with others who are at the different age or have different cultural background.However, one’s emotion could effects the accuracy of the natural sciences sometimes. The natural scientists therefore are required to do the experiment over and over again also they try to control all the possible variables in order to avoid the result affected by the emotion. For me, I can prove theories in natural sciences by using the same method as the scientist did. No matter how many times I do the experiment. The result does not change. The strict and universally accept methodology makes me have a very strong faith in theories in natural sciences.Even though we can use different methods to justify most of the natural science theories, some of th e theories are so abstract that even some of the scientists cannot understand them. When facing those theories that I am not smart enough to question or to challenge, I am not a natural science student anymore, I became like an uneducated child, but I am still convinced by those abstruse theories. This is not blind faith, I used reasoning as a way of knowing to decide whether the knowledge is convincing.When I read â€Å"the Brief History of Time† by Steven Hawking I did not understand any theories mentioned in the book, but I still believe it. This is because that since a lot of Hawking’s theories had been commonly accepted, I believe that he is an authority in the field of physics and many other scientists are convinced by Hawking too. As he has been right for a long time ergo I assumed there is enough reason to believe he is right for this time as well. Since there are not many potions and are not many theories that I known of are competing with Hawking’s.I a m sometimes convinced by one natural science theory simply because that the scientist who came up with the theory is the authority and there are not any other theories to believe. If natural sciences are the studies of non-living objects then in my opinion human sciences studies the most vigorous objects, the minds of human beings. As I mentioned earlier, natural science is like playing piano, as long as people follow the symbol written on the piano sheets, they will get the same melody. In contrary, human beings

Sunday, September 15, 2019

The british invasion: musical movement of 1960s

The focal point of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the British Invasion or the musical movement of the mid-1960s composed of British rock-and-roll (â€Å"beat†) groups whose popularity spread rapidly throughout England and the United States. For the purpose it is important to understand the socio political equilibrium of the time. This is because the main factors in this movement are predominantly three fold. The first one is changing social pattern after the Great War. The second important factor is the aspect of cultural contacts and third aspect is the changing face of market and economy in UK and US.It could be mentioned in the initial stages that it was degeneration time. Imperialism had taken its tolls on the world, which was grilling on the last fires of the Second World War. The losses were too heavy, and the shocks, almost unbearable. People just lived through a test of the extent organized cruelty and purposeful ruthlessness could reach. As far as the future was concerned, the initial tremors of what would lead to a massive cross across the globe were being felt – the crack that broke it up into three distinctly different worlds, the first, the second and the third.In this context it would be relevant to mention that the generation was not finding their existence worth while or in other words they wanted more out of their life. This extra bit was searched everywhere and at every aspects of life and music was no different. The Beat movement came to this need of the hour with quite a few new faces budding with musical talents and a whole new genus of music called the rock ‘n’ roll. (Prawer, 221-5)It was regeneration time. Ideological conflicts and military interests were shaking civilization right up to its foundations. The doubts, dilemmas and confusions were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and unique cultural revolution. It was happening all across the United Kingdom and the United States. People sud denly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen.United Kingdom and its Beat Movement was no exception to this movement. As a matter of fact, it was one of the cores of it. The presence of a large number of African-Americans in the city was pushing it ahead to initiate the Civil Rights Movement. Something that had laid its roots in the human mind over a few millennia, apartheid that is, was gradually being uprooted by the new wave of what started being called the rock ‘n’ roll movement.   The existing musical trends, blues and country, did not suffice in expressing the protests and grievances of the new generation, which started looking at itself as a victim of political conspiracies. (Powell, 49-53)It could be stated that the focal point of this paper is realizing that what occurred in United Kingdom during the era of 1960s that was instrumental in giving the birth of rock n' roll. This was deeply influenced by the presence of the freshly migrated African American population in United Kingdom and influenced the musical development by a huge margin with musical forms that incorporated jazz meshing with country music.But the basic background of this movement started much earlier and it would be relevant to mention that the black community contributed hugely to this movement. African American history and the context in this case is the great migration during the mid 1900s. While looking into the matter it can primary be mentioned that migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. During the twentieth century, especially in the middle decades, it was found that the population of Southern UK with specification of African American origin has doubled within a span of 10 years after the Second World War.The population escalated to a high note and this time the immigrants were there in the region to put their hands on the industrial boom. This was obviously not at par with any single industry like Manchester but the cumulative sum total of the gross output became quite high and the settlements showed the white population of the area that there was more to music than usual traditional themes.These people use to gather around at the evening and presented their compositions to themselves. It was a leisurely approach but people like McCartney or Lennon soon found out that these rural touch of music can be polished and urbanized to develop into a new form of musical genera that was ultimately to be known as Rock ’n’ roll and as these people were from smaller towns and this part was to harvest most of the credit of this new form of music.   (Tyerman, 233-37)The life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960’s have emerged as fallout of the booming economy that is represented by the generation of ‘baby boomers’. The hardship during the days of the Second World War gave birth to the newest possible philosophies that state it is obvious to follow the trend of open market economy with all its perception of high yielding materialism. This hard cored materialism and pro life oriented attitude was previously known in the western world but now it came into a maximized form which sociologist refer as a pro active action against the mass destruction and insecurity of the last great war. The latest philosophy was to obtain as much as possible that life has to offer. Every social aspect changed with it and along with it changed the world around them.Plays and writer were no different. Colours became more vibrant and approach became more outrageous to k eep up with the society. Joe Orton's plays were a product of this period. UK and US was ready for this change and it only needed a spark to ignite its whole new musical genus. This was provided by the endowments of talented musicians like Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, John Lennon and Elvis Presley. These people were to become the pride of the youth and the era soon came to be known as the cradle of Rock ‘n’ roll. (Manning, 279)The funny side of this approach was however different from the basic perception of the life styles of the early 1960’s through the later 1960 were a confluence of conflicting philosophies. As it was mentioned earlier that the idea of materialism was at its had hitting best but alternatively the simplicities of eastern philosophies, specifically Indian philosophies, were highly acclaimed though it was concentrated within a certain group of people. As a result, the poets and the writers, as least a section of them, who took their inspirations from life and society it self, inclined themselves towards the approach of simplistic formations of art forms.It is a well known fact and it has been shown time and again by many literary historians and researchers that the main targeted audience were the baby boomers who had all the opportunities to take all the advantages of almost any and every marketing gimmicks. UK and its music were not far behind in this era. The musicians of this time needed something more vibrant and colorful and Rock ’n’ Roll came out as the product of the time.   (Dollard, 116-7)It should be remembered that this was the era of the beginning of the ‘cold wars’ too and fascination of the authorities towards the space age race and nuclear future was overwhelming. So, it is obvious that the common demography of the country started mimicking the perception of the authorities taking the concept of space age right to their likings. As a result the musical designers coul d not be left far behind. They associated their music with the latest gizmos and presented the feature of Rock ’n’ Roll as new age revolution.The problem was that the new generation was unable to recognize themselves with the usual blues and other traditional forms. They wanted something exclusively that is easily identifiable to them. Rock ‘n’ Roll Music provided that element which included the latest approach to music with more flair and flamboyance. This music possessed more swings and action and this was what the generation of 1960’s wanted. The Beat movement provided this exact genus of music. (Knott, 188-9)The innovative and diversified methodology utilized between these two decades reflects a change in society’s considerations. The choice to change furniture styles reflects a great deal on the emotional status of the era and the need to recover from a series of devastating events. Those devastating events included World War II and a ve ry emotional roller coaster in the depression era which wrought havoc in many ways on the methods of production and the economic infrastructure of the United States and UK. The devastation involved during World War II provided impetus for the designers from various European countries to flee to the United States and UK for sanctuary and freedom of expression. This is where the innovation for the new modern style of music was managed.The 1950’s period was indeed a lively decade for arts and technology where many forces emerged influencing changes in musical design. The push of space travel, the defense industry and consumer booms provided impetus toward increased influences of fashion in lifestyle design. Cheap yet fashionable articles made to be thrown away afterwards became fashionable for household interiors. Youths of the era became a strong influence on this era of design by attacking the principles of tradition in many ways including interior design. Designers were intri gued and influenced by fantasy films, space travel and its mystique and more. Later this attitude was becoming more relevant with pop art culture, the Beatles, Woodstock, Peace, Love, Psycadelia and the Youth Force. (Kumar, 334)In conclusion it can well be stated that it is true that the movement of music in the form of Rock ‘n’ roll developed and reached at a great height but at the same time it is also a fact that it died out soon in its original form. However, the music of this era left a long standing legacy for generations to come in different forms and designs of music along with different issues to protest along with cultural homogeneous forms and changing socio economic and philosophical context, the basic causes of the development of this musical movement.Works Sited:Dollard, John; Zenith and Zero Points of History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2004) pp 116-7Knott, P; Development of Analysis of US & UK Economy (Dhaka: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2005) pp 188-9Kumar, H; Justice of Winners: Win Some, Lose None (Auckland: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005) pp 334Manning, C S; Principals and Practices of Hollywood Industry (Christchurch: National Book Trust. 2004) pp 279Powell, M; Anatomy of Modern Culture: Independence of Economy (Wellington: ABP Ltd 2001) pp 49-53Prawer, H A; The Kingdom of Rock’n’Roll (Dunedin: Allied Publishers 2004) pp 221-5Tyerman, J; Invention of the Musical Crusades (Dunedin: Allied Publications 2001) pp 233-37