Human resources FSLA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resources FSLA - Case ruminate ExampleThere atomic number 18 prerogatives of fee of the extra hours by the Act, meaning that not all employees are appropriate for compensation by the Act.The role player in this case is eligible for compensation of the overtime hours by the employer under the Act. From the scenario, there was denial for the employees appeal for compensation by the department. The department claims to have a policy where they do not consider overtime where an employee is on duty during his off duty hours (Calvasina et al, 2010). Conversely, the worker works for extra hours so that he is able to keep to the standards of his job description of top fleshly conditioning. The extra hours by the worker, area benefits the company too, because during the overtime hours the employee works for the good of the employee, and not for his own squash (Calvasina et al, 2010)There are no legal exemptions by the Act against the employee in this scenario, so the department s hould reward him (Costa, 2000). The Act vividly expounds overtime hours as time that one works when there are no authoritative directions from the employer to do so. The employee in this case toils for not certified operational extra hours therefore, the employee should get his compensation from the employer. (Scott, 2010)Employers can shun FLSA claims by guaranteeing that they consult with the human resource team to ensure that they comply with the requirements by the Act (Calvasina et al, 2010). This entails making sure that there is the proper classification of all employees, to know whether the law excludes the worker. The employee does this by asking some questions relevant to the Act and carrying out tests where there is no clarification about the exemption status (Costa, 2000).The human resource department should ensure that they explain to the employees about the Act so that they annul scenarios where the employees state to have claims, whereas there is none (Scott, 2010). Employers do

Auditing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Auditing - Research Paper ExampleThis paper is a discussion of what the ply a ac come with should expect auditors to do.The staff of a company should expect the auditors to engage in rendering an opinion of the companys monetary statement being presented fairly. The opinion is arrived at after gathering of appropriate and fitted evidence and observation tests in accordance with GAAS. Sarbanes-Oxley Act section 302 states that the signing officers of the financial reports must redirect examination it first. According to the act also the signing officers are responsible for internal controls and must have evaluated them inside the previous ninety days. This is in accordance to the financial reporting framework and all material aspects (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002). The staff should expect the audit to provide information to investors and lenders that will boost the degree of confidence in the financial statements.Auditors have the responsibility of understanding and evaluating the in ternal control system. The staff in an organization should adopt threatening accounting policies for establishing and maintaining internal control (Cangemi & Singleton, 2003). This will help to process and report transactions that are organic structure with management assertions embodied in financial statements. As per the Sarbanes-Oxley Act section 401, the staffs are expected to smother accurate financial statements and present them in manner that is correct. The auditors are thus able to determine the practices realized by the company are implemented as planned (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002).Auditors are also responsible of observing the inventory count and performing analytical procedures on expected variances in accounting balances. Some of the procedures that auditors expenditure are interviewing the leadership of an organization. This entails the senior management and the board of directors. The purpose of the interview is to ensure the top level management has an understan ding

Loma Linda University Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Loma Linda University Value - Essay Examplen view of the medical art is not common, and it became important for me to choose schools that will not besides provide me the skill to become a break down nurse I needed a school that supports my own view of how health services should be rendered. Any school could teach me to become competent in my career, but there are only very few schools that sight help sustain the fire inside me. I know for a fact that there are nursing schools that bombard unity with so much information that angiotensin-converting enzyme can forget why they chose to become a nurse in the first place. I didnt want this to happen to me. I knew Loma Linda University was the school for me when I read your mission statement which says, Loma Linda Universityseeks to further the improve and teaching ministry of Jesus Christ to make firearm wholly by Educatingethicaland proficient Christian health professionals and scholars through instruction, example, and the purs uit of truth Expanding intimacy throughresearchin the biological, behavioral, physical, and environmental sciences and applying this knowledge to health and disease Providingcomprehensive, competent, and compassionate health care for the whole person through faculty, students, and alumni. To make man whole captivated me. It held so much meaning for me. How does one make another person whole? If I were to become a nurse, I needed to know the answer to this question because I knew that one can only whole when one is healthy enough to experience everything that life has to offer. By recitation your mission statement, I felt that I found an ally in my belief that the medical profession is a sacred t charter. I knew that by working with professors and school staff who understood this, I can become, not only a great nurse, but also a great person... I am hoping that from the first few pages of this application, you can already get an idea of my thought process and beliefs. I ply to thin k deep about simple things because my father believed (and I share this too) that one should not dissipation time on unimportant things. Deep contemplation through meditation and prayer has enabled me to make punishing decisions and discard the unimportant and focus on the important only. For me, this is an important process, because it puts me in a close chance upon with the divine, an intelligence that knows more than I will ever know in my lifetime. A spiritual experience, for me, is a conversation with my God, a tapping of the source, an expansion of awareness. Sometimes when I am deep in the experience, I ask questions about the role of mans existence on earth and the inner workings of the universe.

Life of Charlemagne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life of Charlemagne - Essay ExampleHowever, in the bibliography that he has written he clearly chose to give in to the lust of immortality to celebrate the glorious deeds of opposite times (Einhard 1). The bibliography is patently written with the purpose of extolling Charlemagne and highlighting his virtues for the knowledge of the generation to come.The Life of Charlemagne commences by a description of the Merovingian family which used to rule France contrasting their flaws and weaknesses with the virtues of Charlemagnes ancestors. Einhard in addition admitted his lack of knowledge on the birth and childhood of Charlemagne thereby skipping the time span and concentrating on his soldiery conquest (5). Charlemagne is recognized for his success in battles from his first military undertaking in the Aquitanian War to the Saxon War, Lombard War, Slavic War, and the War of the Huns. Through military force, he is similarly able to gain the submission of the Breton and Beneventan.Becau se of these victories, Charlemagne is able to more often than not expand his territory He so largely increased the Frank kingdom, which was already great and strong when he received it at his fathers hands, that more than stunt woman its former territory was added to it (16). A placement from conquering vast lands, the ruler should also be commended by amiable the allegiance of several nations which is even strengthened by his fondness of sending them letters (17). He also enhanced the beauty of his kingdom through the construction of establishment including the Basilica of the Holy Mother of beau ideal and the bridge over the Rhine at Mayence (18).The latter portion of the bibliography humanizes Charlemagne by expounding his personal traits and characteristics including his looks, the manner of his dressing, and his toffee-nosed life. Eidhan gave a very good description Charlemagnes and his favorite food His meals ordinarily consisted of four courses, not tally the roast, wh ich his huntsmen used to bring in on the spit he was more fond of this than of any other dish (25).After reading the bibliography of Charlemagne, I am able to look at a deeper side of him not as a hero but as an ordinary individual, who has flaws, is fond of music, and of giving. Far from the envisioned picture of him as a hero and saint in history books, the account is ofttimes more enlightening. The translator has done a good job from lifting the Latin version into English. The account is very much comprehensible, interesting, and enriching. Works CitedEidhan. The Life of Charlemagne. Trans. S. E. Turner. 2 February 2008

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development Research Paper

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development - Research Paper ExampleBackground harmonize to the discussion by Roman A Cybriwsky, Japanese legend reaffirms that Japan was founded in the 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, who was a first ruler and direct descendant of the goddess of the sun and ancestor of the currently persuasion imperial family (Cybriwsky, 1994). In AD 405, the Japanese court officially agreed to implement the Chinese typography system. Hand in hand with the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century, these two events revolutionized Japanese culture and pronounced the start of a long period of Chinese cultural influence. The history was written down more or less 400 AD. With the establishment of the first fixed capital at Nara in 710 until 1867, the emperors of the Yamato dynasty were the nominal rulers, but literal power was usually held by influential court nobles, and the military governors. Japan, is comprised of islands, which extends along to Pacific sa ilplaning of Asia (Flath, 2000). There are four main islands, extending from north to south, these are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa Island, which in size measures or so 380 miles and lies southwestern of Kyushu. In total, there are about 3,000 smaller islands are part of Japan. The total land field of study of Japan is slightly smaller compared to California. More than 70% of the country is hilly, with a many mountains cutting crossways the main islands. The country has its highest mountain which is well known as Mt. Fuji (12,388 feet). Because of this, little flat r severally exists and many hills and valleys are cultivated all in most regions. Japan is located in a volcanic zone along the Pacific depth where low-intensity earth tremors, volcanic activity are snarl at heart the islands. Therefore, harmful seisms are bound to occur severally. It is recorded in history that massive earthquake of about magnitude 9.0 in scales and tsunami hit northeastern Japans Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. This causes hot springs of urine to arise, which are many and have been formed as a result. All of these factors make Japan a historically and geographically interesting country. This makes it appealing to tourists, and makes it very noticeable worldwide. People Japans population is currently about 127 million, this growth rate from the 20th century has emerged as a result of scientific, industrialization, and sociological changes experienced within the country (Broadbent, 1990). However, the birth rates have decreased significantly from the 1970s. In 2005, Japans population had declined for once, than earlier predicted and in the year 2010, the population growth rate was 1.0%. However, it was observed that better sanitary and health standards produced a lifetime expectancy exceeding by far that of the United States. Japan has developed to an urban society, where we have exactly about 1% of the labor force engaged in agriculture. Many of the peas ant farmers supplement their income with irregular jobs in nearby towns and cities (Broadbent, 1990). Study shows about 80 million of the urban population is heavily arduous on the Pacific shore of Honshu and in northern Kyushu. The majority of the population centers include Metropolitan capital of Japan with a population of about 8.9 million Yokohama with 3.6 million Osaka with 2.6 million Nagoya with 2.2 million Sapporo with 1.8 million Kyoto and Kobe with 1.5 million each Kawasaki and Fukuoka with 1.4 million each, and Saitama with 1.2 million (Cybriwsky, 1994).

Could the leaders of Europe have prevented the Holocaust Essay

Could the leaders of Europe have prevented the Holocaust - taste Exampleberg Law of 1935, the violent riots against Jewish businesses on Kristallnacht in 1938, the confinement of Jews to Ghettoes in 1940, their kill in concentration and labor camps in 1941 and culminated in their whole scale massacre in the extinguishing camps from 1942. They were transported by railroads and eliminated in gas chambers in Auschwitz, Treblinka, Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald and Maulthausen.1 Approximately six million Jews lost their lives in the Holocaust, which was described by Winston Churchill as the greatest and most terrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world.2 Hitlers rabid anti-Semitism was the prime instigator of the Holocaust, but it was also perpetrated by the Western Allies policy of appeasement, which was motivated by self-interest.Anti-Semitism has long been a eccentric of human history and can be considered a cultural phenomenon, prevalent in Europe and the S tates as in the rest of the world. It can be attributed to many factors jealousy of the economic prosperity of the Jews, rage of their claims of being the chosen people, their vilification as the killers of Christ and 2racism. They have been used as convenient scapegoats for disasters such(prenominal) as The Black Death, subjected to massacres during the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition and to pogroms in Russia and Poland. Hitler advocated world dominion by the pure Indo-Aryan races through the elimination of inferior races, such as the Slavs, Gypsies and particularly the Jews. He set about this racial extermination with military precision, aided by the reluctance of Western Europe and America to take decisive measures to enlistment this horrendous crime against humanity.Britain and France unabashedly followed a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany due to several factors, which were associate to their perceived self-interest. World War 1 (1914 1918), with its 7 millio n European casualties, had a deep reach on public opinion, particularly in

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

selling Planning - Essay ExampleThe Marketing Planning is also defined as the process that motivates the market personnel to carriage internally in order to fully understand the results of past marketing decisions and to look externally in order to fully understand the market in which they operate. It also sets future goals and provides precaution for future marketing efforts that everyone within the organization should understand and support. It is a key component in obtaining bread and butter to pursue new initiatives.SBU stands for Strategic Business Unit. It is one of the crucial component in marketing readiness. SBU is tacit as a business unit with in the overall corporate identity which is identifiable from otherwise business because it serves a defined external market where management lav conduct strategic planning in relation to produces and markets. When companies become really large, they are best thought of as being dispassionate of a number of SBUs.A SBU is a un it of the company that has a separate mission and objectives and that can be planned independently from the other businesses. An SBU can be a company division, a product line or even individual brands and it all depends on how the company is organized. An independent grouping of organizations, products or technologies within a parent organization, with complete resource and profit responsibility for serving an identified markets (FN1).These organizational entities are large enough and homogeneous enough to exercise control over most strategic factors affecting their performance. They are managed as self contained planning units for which separate business strategies can be developed. A Strategic Business Unit can encompass an entire company, or can simply be a smaller part of a company set up to perform a specialised task. The SBU has its own business strategy, objectives and competitors and these will be different from those of the parent company.The marketing planning is a part icipating process which has to be highly

Political Science - society and state in contemporary russia Essay

Political Science - society and state in contemporary russia - Essay ExampleHowever, capital of the Russian Federation was the nerve centre of Russia while it was also the largest city of USSR. However, according to some politicians like Vladimir Zhirinovsky, socio-political and economic conflicts amongst the Soviet and Russian identities had always existed. Historians like Hosking (2006) piss thus described the Russians as both the rulers and victims of the at one time Soviet administrative system. During the Stalinist era, events like the great purge, murder of Leon Trotsky, adoption of the National Anthem of Soviet Union, etc. often indicated this identity crisis. Stalin, who was from Georgian ancestry, conducted indiscriminate political executions, deportations and large-scale socio-cultural engineering to use the Russian peoples for the benefit of his regime. (Faria 2012) Evolution of an undemocratic and corrupt electoral system In the Soviet era, Russians did not have any de mocratic electoral system at all told. Even after the fall of communism Russia continues to be haunted by the memories and conventions of the autocratic rule. This is like inheriting the legacies of Cold War and Stalinism. Events like the apprehension of Anna Chapman in USA on the grounds of espionage for Russia as reported by Huffington Post (Isachenkov 2011) show that Russias commie past cannot be neglected. ... inside Russia, powerful socialites like Mikhail Prokhorov have openly challenged Putin and accused him for destroying the democratic institutions (BBC watchword 2011). Agencies like Reuters have reported the major Russian political reformists think that Putin must change (Freeland and Gutterman 2012). only unlike the leaders like Prokhorov and Yavlinsky, most of the established Russian political elites are trying to get hold themselves with the government policies. Possibly, this is due to their urge to avoid government persecution. But similarity in political tendenci es may also be a reason behind this. Majority of the face-off groups are less implicated in denouncing the evolving corrupt electoral system. Instead, they are seeking their share of the poplar votes. The most powerful opposition leaders of Communist Party of Russian Federation (led by Gennady Zyuganov) and Liberal Democratic Party (led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky) are relatively well mannered and lenient towards the iron-handed nature of Putins government. (Faria 2012) Role of the Russian media during elections Russia has a history of suppressing the freedom of expression by its authoritarian rulers. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn has shown intricately that how Stalin used the instruments like deportation and appreciation to suppress not only the freedom of press but also the voice of popular aspirations in general. Particularly in his monumental works The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn (1974) has shown that restrictions on free speech and news media had existed almost all through the Sov iet era of Russia. According to several experts, the effects of the Soviet era and scars left by Stalins oppressive rule are creating problems even today. Contemporary researchers like Enikolopov, Petrova and Zhuravskaya (2010)

The Mental Capcity Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The genial Capcity make - Essay ExampleThe law also applies to common decisions involving ain care, diet, movement and grooming.In practice, the MCA more often than not provides for making decisions based on the victims opera hat interests. In working out what the best interests of a penetrable party looks like, the substitute must not tamper their decision with other orthogonal issues such as the principals age, looks, condition or behaviour. Secondly, they should consider postponing important decisions for persons who cannot make decisions ascribable to temporary conditions. Thirdly, they should involve the individual who does not have mental capacity in decision-making processes (Murray, 2013).In contrast, the Act requires decision-making processes to be based on the vulnerable individuals past principles. It is also important for proxy decision-makers to factor in the perceptions of others, especially care providers and other parties who are interested in the individuals welfare (Symington, 2007). In addition, any such decisions should not be inclined towards taking the life of the vulnerable party if they still have a chance to recover.The MCA has since substituted an Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) with a durable Power of Attorney (LPA). An LPA is a licit document allowing persons to select an individual who can decide somewhat their health and assets in the event that they become incapable. In this case, the attorney is the party mandated to draw conclusions on their behalf. In addition, with the LPAs property and affairs option and the personal welfare option, vulnerable individuals have, since the MCA was implemented in 2007, enjoyed extensive protection when they become incapacitated. The property and affairs LPA provides the attorney(s) the authority to decide about the victims financial and other physical property issues, such as car or managing rental property. In contrast, the personal welfare LPA empowers the attorney(s) to decide on the victims health and individual welfare,

Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unions - Essay ExampleThey came together to fight for their fair share in the social, economic pie of the city. At that time, or so of the people in New York did non own homes but most of them rented. This structure fostered politics were more collective in contrast to the dream of American where there was a need for suburban home ownership a move that promoted individualistic, conservative property paying appraise outlook.In the post war there was preservation of rent control, which is an example, which showed how organized labor did shape the beautify of New York City. The federal administration imposed rent regulation in most regions of the country, which marked the wartime. However, this was not achieved in New York City since the unions did lobby for the preservation of rent control in their state. After a persistent lobby by the trade unions to preserve rent control, there followed the development of rent clinics that were meant enumerate to educate workers on the rights. Without the help of labor unions, workers in New York City could not afford to curb in their homes, then or even now since they could not afford the rents in the area. Moreover, there was contend against fare hikes at that time to fight for the rights of people who were being exploited since the majority of the working discriminate did not own cars. In order for Mayor William ODwyer to raise fair in 1948, he had to overcome tremendous pressure from the workers unions at that time. They managed to transfer the mandate to increase bus fares from the municipal government to a New York City transit authority, which is more insulated in the year 1953.Social democracy in New York City was not all easy at the beginning. However, in 1942, the then mayor La Guardia did establish a city center that was involved with drama and music. This nonprofit making organization was working towards bringing n about affordable music to all residents of New

Buyer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer look - Essay ExampleVarious models of consumer behaviour have been developed oer the years. The models reflect the different buy situations in which consumers find themselves.Factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered as well as similar factors influencing the purchasing decisions in business to business transactions. An understanding of these factors and how they influence the buying decision are extremely weighty when putting together a selling strategy. Market research also plays an important part in helping to identify relevant facts about buyer behaviour (consumer or organizational) and provides all kinds of information which forms the primer of strategy formulation.A motive to make a certain purchase is an internal state of the purchase. era consumer behavior is observable, motives are psychological constructs that can only be inferred. Buying motives for consumer products whitethorn be classified advertisement as economic, emotional, product, and re tail patronage. Some of the motives whitethorn be rational while others are emotional. To illustrate, economic motives allow in product durability or economy in use. Emotional motives might include romance, pleasure, or prestige. harvest-tide purchase motives might involve ease for making repairs or ease of installation. Patronage motives relate to mixed bag for selection or promptness in delivery. Motives relate to perception. Motives come from the consumers real self, self-image, ideal self, and looking-glass self. The way consumers compute the situation to themselves helps to shape their reactions or responses to marketers appeals (Sharon, Boyle, 2004 343).Consumer goals and needs are constantly changing in response to environmental conditions, interaction with others, and physical conditions. As individuals realize their goals, new objectives may be established. New levels of aspiration may surface. For example, if an individual loses ten pounds of weight other objective to lose an additional fifteen pounds may be established. Moreover, marketers need to be attuned to changing needs and goals. Automobile manufacturers have recognized the consumers need for prestige or status. This need may be less important as some consumers seek safety or family enjoyment as reasons for purchasing a new railcar. Since many families own more than one locomote vehicle, ownership of a Volvo sedan or station wagon, a pickup truck, and an economical used car for an adolescent might represent diverse needs. The reason consumers choose one brand over another may be vague and unknown to them. Why consumers choose one brand of refrigerator over another may be based on personal experience, an advertisement, a friends comment, a salespersons presentation, the location of the retail merchant for service or some other factor or combination thereof. Brand switching may occur as a result of changing needs, a dissatisfaction with the current brand used, or because a friend, relat ive, advertising campaign, an article in Consumer Reports, or other influence persuaded that consumer that a better benefit or value can be derived by switching brands. Marketers, by identifying and appealing to consumers motives, can generate a positive environment for the sale of their products. A study of men depicted

IT in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT in melodic phrase - Essay ExampleNow despite the competitive edge ensured by IT, once every phoner begins to cut costs and aims at doing so at an increasing rate, they tend to hire contrastive agents to do this task for them. At this point they become dependent on an agent who might be running(a) for their rival firms as well and the means for seeking cultivation advantages itself becomes a strategic disadvantage for the pertain company. 2. Carr rightly diagnoses that the strategic advantage of information is not everlasting for a firm. Even usher and miller argue that IT has the power to change all the Porters five forces. But three different companies or business organizations like Orkut, Facebook and Twitter, though based upon similar idea do not curb the same number of clients. Here one might say that first entrant into a specific segment using information technology might have more advantage over the others. An item-by-item having an account with Orkut might have t he same with the other two as well and hence identifying a strategic advantage at this point is almost impossible unless based on time of entry. 2. Porter and Miller elaborate upon the industrys attractiveness and alterations of the products, as they become information intensive. However, as information technology progresses, so will the need and risk to security of a firms data.

The Efficacy of non-invasive ventilation in the acute exacerbation of Research Paper

The Efficacy of non-invasive ventilation in the cracking exacerbation of COPD Patient - Research Paper ExampleChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease scoop up known as COPD, is actually a group of lung diseases that together block airflow to the lungs making it sturdy to breathe. The two most common diseases that constitute this disease are chronic bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchial packet mucosal lining, and emphysema, gradual destruction of the alveoli at the end of the bronchioles (Huang and Ghio et al., 2012). These may also be accompanied by asthma. Chronic bronchitis ca social functions coughing and unemotionality production, which may scar and damage the airways. Alveoli damage by emphysema restrict oxygen uptake thus causing breathing problems for the patient. The combination of the destruction these two diseases cause permanent damage to the pulmonary system, but the good thing is that there is treatment available that cigaret assistant reduce the symptoms of t he disease. One of them is through non invasive ventilation, otherwise known as NIV in short. This paper result be looking at this form of therapy and its efficiency in the treatment of COPD. It will discuss its use and advantages it the clinical setting.Being a pulmonary disease, its symptoms are generally ignored or just interpreted in passing for something else. COPD can cause breathlessness/dyspnea, coughing, excessive production of mucus/phlegm and fatigue. whatever of these symptoms, breathlessness and fatigue, are hard to point out or see because they are sensations that are experience by the patient and do not manifest physically (Barnes, 2009). Only the person experiencing the symptom can describe them and talk about how badly they make them feel as opposed to the production of sputum and coughing which manifest physically. Unfortunately, once these symptoms, among others begin to manifest the patient may discard them as just smokers cough or fatigue from being unfit. T hese are to be considered as signs

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning Essay - 1

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning - Essay patternAs the paper stresses learning organizations help all people to continuously expand their capacities to create results that they sincerely yours desire, and new and extensive ways of thinking are nourished, facilitates collective aspirations and constant learning to learn together. Thus, contemporary management believes that organizational learning is a multidimensional process, and is not possible through traditional unidirectional thinking. Personal mastery and team learning are two competencies that help employees to improve their awareness and credit of management tasks and decision making. This awareness and learning will further help managers to maximize the potential of their employees to contact optimum results encourage employees to think creatively and analyse situations from different perspectives.From the report it is clear that the concept of individual(prenominal) mastery involves culti vation of personal impetus to continually learn how actions affect an individuals outer and internal world. Without an attempt to gain personal mastery, individuals will never realize the root cause of issues and problems that do not seem to have any solution individuals tend to view these issues and problems as highly Gordian and intertwined and impossible to understand or resolve. Learning is the fundamental ground to personal mastery, which should eventually and continually asterisk to re-creating oneself. A continuous process of learning helps individuals to bring about a paradigm shift in their thinking and approach, and help in achieving goals that once seemed unachievable.

SHORT ANSWER ONLY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

SHORT ANSWER ONLY - Assignment Exampleistics, different distribution of genetic variations which argon fundamental and necessary to pursue biomedical studies that will address any menacing diseases that will pop and adversely affect the population. (Tiskoff & Kidd, 2004).Scientific racialism is defined as the use of scientific techniques, that is, employing anthropology, paleontology, anthropometry and other disciplines, as well as hypotheses to sanction the belief in racial superiority, inferiority or racism (Scientific racism, n.d.) . after(prenominal) World War II, Racism redeemed a new meaning _ racial discrimination and a harmful intent. A racist makes prejudicial judgments. Focusing on the said harmful intent, modern scientists, sociologists, and politicians continue to monitor and study how to prevent racism among groups in the context of more controversial issues on race and intelligence, race and health and race and crime ( Savant, 2008).In order to belong to an heathen group, maven can choose from using Primordial or Circumstantial method. Circumstantial view of ethnicity suggests that to be in an ethnic group, one must be raised in that ethnic group or at the very least be adopted into that ethnic group at some point. (Circumstancialist, 2007). On a U.S. daily basis in U.S. culture, characterizing police practices as in racial profiling, in explaining voting patterns in terms of racial or ethnic loyalties when imputing identities or interests into racial ethnic or national groups are just some o f the model -related examples (Brubaker, et. al., 2004).White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP), originally denoted as an ethnic group, culture, customs and heritage of early Western European settlers in what is today in the U.S. WASP falsify in religion, from secular to Episcopalian to Congregational. The 21st century saw WASP influence over U.S. complaisant structure particularly major American institutions, cultural, educational, business and financia l entities.

Biology Questions and Answers Essay Example for Free

Biology Questions and Answers Essay2.) a) proteinsb.) i) Amylaseii) Proteaseiii) Lipasec) i) Glucoseii) Amino Acidsiii) Fatty acids and Glycerol3.) a.) Each enzyme has a unique(p) shape that fits onto the substrate. As enzymes normally only catalyse one answer the substrate has to fit in the precise shape (active site) and if it doesnt fit in (lock and key method) then the enzyme wont be catalysed. b.) As when the enzyme is denatured its special shape is destroyed, thus destroying its active site message that the substrate wont be able to fit in, therefore not catalysing the enzyme. c.) As enzymes are specific when an enzyme catalyses an enzyme it can be used over and over again as they are not changed during the reaction.5.) a.) if the parsimony of the enzyme is increased the rate f the reaction will increase. This is because there will be more enzymes to uphold break down the substrate, however when the enzyme reaches its optimum it will be equal. b.) if the temperature is decreased it will offload the rate of reaction and slow down the speed of catalysing. c.) if the pH is lowered then the rate of reaction will drop causing the pH to interfere with the bonds holding the enzyme together and denaturing the enzyme.7.) a.) i) the rate of reaction is increase at a positive constant correlation, because the increase in temperature is causing the enzymes to move around hurried increasing the circumstances of a collision. ii) the rate suddenly drops after its hit the optimum temperature, this is because the bonds holding the enzyme together have broke destroying enzymes special shape. b.) It increases it as it causes the enzymes to move around faster increasing the chance of a collision. c.) the bonds change its special shape causing it unable to catalyse substances. d.) A. it could be pepsin in the stomache.) B, it could be phosphatasesf.) it is very narrow.

Importance of Demand Analysis to a Business Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Importance of Demand Analysis to a Business enterprisingness EssayImportance of deal analysis to assembly line enterprises.They are the source of many useful insights for business decision making.The success of failure of business loyals depend primarily on its ability to generate resources by satisfying the posit of consumers.The firms unable to attract consumers are soon forced out from the market. The importance of affect analysis in business decisions support be explained under following headingsSales forecasting The demand is a basis the sales of the point of intersectionion of a firm. Hence,sales forecasting can be made on the basis of demand.For example,if demand is high,sales will be high and if demand is low,sales will be low.The firms can vex different arrangements to increase or reduce performance or push up sales on the basis of sales forecast.Pricing decisions The analysis of demand is the basis of pricing decisions of a firm.If the demand for the product i s high,the firm can charge high price,other things remaining the same.On the contrary .If the demand is low,the firm cannot high price.The demand analysis also helps the firm in profit budgeting.Marketing decisionsThe analysis of demand helps a firm to formulate marketing decisions.The demand analysis analyses and measure the forces that determine demand.The demand can be influenced by manipulating the factors on which consumers base their demand on attractive packaging.Production decisionsHow much a firm can produce depends on its capacity.But how much it should produce depends on demand.Production is not necessary if their no demand.But continuous production schedule is necessary if the the demand for the production is relatively stable.If the demand is less than the quantity of production,new demand should be created by means of promotional activities such a advertising.Financial decisions The demand condition in the fall guy for firms products affects the financial decisions as well.If the demand for firms product is strong and growing,the needs for additional finance will be greater.Hence,the financial manager should make necessary financial arrangement to finance the growing need of the capital.

Sports equipment Essay Example for Free

touts equipment EssayIn this paper I argue that the world(prenominal)isation of pleasure by foreign versions corporations, the media and degenerate celebrities rent done advertizement altered the degenerate grace by imparting predefined and specialized heathenish and brotherly substances to the plays readr. Abstract Highly successful professional sports teams attract heavyweight corporate sponsorship deals and replete(p) ranging media reporting that raise broadens their supporter base. The attendant world(a)isation of dissipated clubs e very(prenominal)(prenominal)ows sports marketers to target sports consumers with media advertizing to bear commercial messages and specific heathen meanings. Particular attention is foc commitd on Nike and Manchester unite and the precise practice of sports celebrities to progress and endorse flashy beneficials/app bel. The transfer of meaning from the constituted world and sports re retchation to consumer goods and then to the individual consumer is analysed and discussed. Moreover, the social size able-bodiedness and cultural identities given to the consumer by the iconic honor sports atomic number 82 constitutes an attractive flori cultivation the sports consumer wants to be in possession of.This paper further explores and discusses the piece of corporations and their association with advertise in a commercial-cultural nexus and how they argon able to sell a focus of life to the sports buffer. Additionally, the habitualizing techniques used by corporations to create iconic sports stars and orbicular brands are discussed as to how this effects the consumer and the traditional gaudy adorn. Essay In a finish pre sedulous world, people from all walks of life are obsessed with the distinction.In situation, the celebrity sportsman and sportswoman are amongst the blueest profile individuals. Collectively, we are captivated by sport stars lifestyles, love lives, earning motive and skill. It is from these characteristics that people want to have some form of connection with the fresh celebrity. The globalisation of sport by international sports corporations, advertising corporations, the media and sporting celebrities have created an environment for sports advertising toflourish as an industry that is aim to monopolise the market with sporting goods and garment.The direct relationship between the elbow room sports organisations market their goods and how people consume goods is often considered by legion(predicate) commentators to be symbolic sports branding that shapes the desires and actions of consumers. Holt contends that for advertising to work properly a symbiotic relationship is essential between the market prerogatives and the cultural frameworks that consumers acquaint, understand and interact with market offerings (2002, p. 71).With the of import focus of globalisation and increase industry pull ahead, sports corporations seek to become cu ltural engineers to organise how people speculate and feel through celebrity endorsed consumer sports goods (Holt 2002, p. 71). In this paper I argue that all-powerful sports corporations such as Nike and Manchester United use endorsements by sports celebrities with sophisticated advertising techniques. Their objective is to seduce and manipulate consumers into participating in the accrual of commodities that oversees the indoctrination of socialisation, values and social identity.Whats more, I will further contend that through the globalisation of sport and the mass production of sports trade, sport corporations develop specific meanings and a set of techniques that rationalises consumer finish as a commodity. Also, I avouch that sports advertising agencies exploit sports stars and their aviation of authenticity so that they themselves and their products become cultural icons. The nonessential increased role for the sports star into advertising moves the sporting firmamen t boundaries that hard-hittingly alters the sporting landscape.I further contend that the imbued cultural meaning from sports corporations to the sports consumer by elbow room of celebrity endorsements leads to new variants of sport being played. Nikes three-a-side association football competition is used as evidence to support my claim that sports corporations feature with celebrity advertising effectively alters the way some sports are played. Therefore, modifying the cultural sporting landscape.In the end, the rapidly increasing entity of sports globalisation relies on the sports celebrity to sell a way of life to sports fan/consumer via a commercial-cultural nexus. This not completely transfers organisational meaning and acculturation to the consumer save also creates considerable wealth for sports corporations, advertising agencies and the sports star. With the realisation of the power associated with telly set as an advertising forte, it quickly went beyond radio, ne wspaper and cinema to be the most influential medium of mass communication.The video has provided a round-table for the sporting consumer to develop intimate, visually informed relationships with sporting celebrities (Andrews capital of Mississippi, 2001). Considering Andrews capital of Mississippis common exactly insightful cliche, the medium is the message, the television has come to the fore front of advertising with identifiable sports celebrities encouraging the audience (sports consumer) to develop a faux intimacy (2001, p. 3).Consequently, advertising on television and in most media forums has become celebrity saturated (Andrews Jackson, 2001). The fostering of sports celebrities as maintained by Andrews Jackson has made it possible for sports corporations to link the nicety of the celebrity with consumer capitalism to take advan pass overe of the dual roles occupied by celebrities as both products (commodities) and processes (celebrity endorsement) (2001, p. 4). In do ing this, advertising agencies and sports corporations are able to exploit sports consumers.Andrews Jackson (2001) associate with McCracken (1989, 1986) to assert that the optimum goal of advertising agencies and sports corporations is to ensure that celebrities pass on and orchestrate the various facets of a predefined sports culture to foster a highly visible celebrity identity that the consumer can recognise and fixate with. In a sense, these sports agencies and corporations have carefully coordinated plans of cultural procedures.The take oning media technology such as satellite television and the internet has further accelerated the globalisation of sport and with it the ripening and expansion of sports corporations. The incessantly expanding sports corporations are desperate to associate their brands and products with the unique aura of authenticity that is found at bottom the celebrity sports star, so that their products are endow and visualised as cultural icons. Toda y, global sports events are indelibly associated with wide media coverage that sees the iconic sports celebrity be portrayed as role models and in high regard ( languish, 2007).Importantly, Smart points proscribed the desires and aspirations of consumers to be similar if not the same as their sporting celebrity icons and also claims that global sport is now increasing important to the promotion of commodity white plague (2007, p. 130). As shown, the modern landscape of advertising plays an important role in cultural practices and the process of globalisation of sport. As a result, contemporary social life is lay outd by advertising moreover, it is defined by it (Jackson Andrews, 2004).Additionally, Jackson Andrews (2004) assert that advertising is a key process that connects meaning and language to culture, on that pointby constituting social identities in specific scenes (2004, p. 7). The signification of celebrity endorsers can be found in their salaries. Jackson Andrews (2004) highlight that sports stars earn more from endorsements that they do from their sporting profession. Studies have documented and as pointed out by Andrews Jackson (2001), endorsing sports celebrities were present in 11 percent of television advertisements during 1995 that received more than US$1 zillion vaulting horses.Throughout the second half of the twentieth century the uncontrollable clandestine relationship between television and sport grew to irresistibly ascertain the meaning and understanding of sport culture that left the end product of sport being media-driven by celebrities for entertainment (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 7). Today, sports are constructed, mediated, advertised and seen as contests between identifiable and recognisable individuals or teams of individuals (Andrews Jackson, 2001).Andrews Jackson maintain that sports fans that watch and experience sport develop an intimate attachment with these sporting individuals (2001, p. 7). Sports corporatio ns and advertising agencies on purpose take advantage of this unquestionable intimacy to transform sporting events and the sports celebrity into stories with characters consisting of heroes and villains (Andrews Jackson, 2001). Moreover, Andrews Jackson recognise that the constructed personalities of the heroes and villains are integral to sports advertising that create a purposeful contemporary sporting culture (2001, p.7).The sports celebrity occupies and possesses many complex roles such as elite athletes, entertainers, vendible commodities and role models within the global cultural parsimoniousness (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 9). In addition, sport has become a highly commercialised and a capitalist culture. The sporting celebrity as described by Andrews Jackson is a commodity of commercial culture that is forcibly imbued with large corporate values and culture thattries to initiate and intensify sports consumers desires, identification and cultural awareness/ evolution (2 001, p. 9).As such, the sporting celebrity has become highly systematized with expanded institutional boundaries that effectively increases their sporting cranial orbit that allows them to operate as cultural and economic agents (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 7). Accordingly, altering the sports field, equates to altering the sporting landscape through advertising and endorsement of products by celebrities.In understanding the importance of celebrities in the midst of sports globalisation, Andrews Jackson assert that celebrities are significant public entities who are responsible for the formation of meaning and ideologies that offer contextually grounded maps for the sports consumer as they endeavour to gain their individualism and identity (2001, p. 1). Whats more, Andrews Jackson note Marshalls 1997 insightful understanding of the celebrity to be a descriptor incorporating various forms of public individuality including, hero, leader, famous and star from which the celebrity exerc ises within popular culture (2001, p. 2).Whats more, the dynamism of the complex celebrity indicates that individual celebrities can and a great deal do move back and forth between these individual states making them all the more marketable to endorse sporting goods (2001, p. 2). Accordingly, the role of the media to promote sports stars to the term of celebrity is crucial for sports corporations when deciding on particular celebrities to convey their cultural message to the consumer (Andrews Jackson, 2001). In looking at and analysing Michael Jordan as an athlete and a sports celebrity, his broadness is not unaccompanied confined to the wooden confines of the basketball court.Considered by McDonald Andrews (2001) as the first real marketable sport celebrity, Jordan has amassed unimaginable marketing conquests. Jordans endorsement of Nike sport clothe and apparel have seen him earn unmatchable capital accumulation, US$45 million in 1998 (more money than he received for playi ng basketball) (McDonald Andrews, 2001). McDonald Andrews further highlight that Nike made in excess in of US$3 billion from sales on the back of Jordan patch Gatorade more than doublight-emitting diode its revenue in 1991 to make an weighty US$1. 5 billion (McDonald Andrews, 2001).It can be noted from these statistics that contemporary cultures are constructed by sporting corporations and advertising agencies that allow the personalities, lifestyles and sporting cultures of sports celebrities to encourage sports consumers to be like mike. Consequently, McDonald Andrews point out that Gatorade increased its market domination of the nutritional sports drink to an 80 percent share (2001, p. 1). As can be seen, sports celebrities have referent power that enables them to mold and develop sporting cultures in consumers.Advertising agencies and sports corporations view this as a valuable advantage to increase the sports cultural economy (McDonald Andrews, 2001). Pointed out by McD onald Andrews, Bob Dorfman from the advertising agency Foote passed comments to suggest that Jordan is such a superhuman talent that bothbody aspires to his direct of performanceEverybody wants to be that good and have that much success (2001, p. p24). With Jordans amazing skills and talent the Jordan name produced an amazing amount of Jordan Wannabes all wearable Jordan branded shoes and apparel (McDonald Andrews 2001, p.24).These Jordan Wannabes could be seen playing street basketball trying to be like Mike and slam dunk the basketball. This form of street basketball differed in rules and in the way it was played from the original indoor game. Essentially, the street rules basketball transformed the sporting landscape. Consequently, sports consumers with altered and impudently developed cultures and values are playing the sport differently on different sporting fields with newly acquired sports apparel to effectively change the sporting landscape.The transfer of values from Nike to Jordan to the sports consumer not only imbues an altered culture, tho it also allows the sports consumer to create their own individual identity (McCracken, 1989). As such, the consumer is viewed to adopt the values and culture of the sports celebrity to be more in line with Jordans own and that of Nike (McDonald Andrews, 2001). Smart (2005) maintains that sport stars are very visible to the public and potential consumers because of their on field skills and the associated media coverage for publicly demonstrating such a high level of talent.These sport stars are subsequently in the sights of advertising agencies and sporting corporations to endorse sporting goods and apparel (Smart, 2005). As a result, the so called sporting star is transformed into a sporting celebrity that at times may or may not be this instant linked with their team or their sport. For example, the commercials of Michael Jordan endorsing the Air Jordan shoe by jumping to the basket to the sound of je t engines, constituted the beginning of his cultural ascent to iconic status (Smart 2005, p. 113).Although the advertisement made no mention of the Air Jordan shoes, the image and the subsequent culture of Jordan in the air combined with his cultural on court athleticism, was enough to persuade and influence consumers to make the Air Jordan line of shoes the all time best seeling (Smart 2005, p. 113). The globalisation of sport has eer been associated with advertising and as highlighted by Jackson et al. (2004), advertising has been defined in many ways referable the ever changing nature of advertising.However, Jackson et al.state that advertising has at all times been strategic within the culture and commodification of sports advertising (2004, p. 1). More to the point Jackson et al. (2004) claim that cultural commodities shape ones experience and identities which parallels Smarts (2005) claim that sports celebrities are able to influence and persuade consumers. Additionally, Jac kson et al. (2004) argues that advertising is at the forefront of the global economy and post-modern promotional culture. Taking this into account, advertising plays a key role in consumer culture and within the culture of representation and identity formation (Jackson et al. 2004, p.2).Moreover, I put frontwards that advertising has altered the sporting landscape with predefined cultural meanings by way of celebrity endorsements. The eventual transference of cultural meaning from the advertising agency, endorsed by the sports celebrity and passed on to the consumer not only creates individualised identities and cultural meaning for consumers, but also changes the way sports consumers play sport. As highlighted by Ross, in 2002 Nike promoted a three-a-side sudden-death soccer tournament in a cage inside an abandoned tanker that highlighted the games elite branded pretenders skills, talents and marketability (2004a, p.68).Nike exploited the games stars and consumers by focusing on the individual feats of the elite individual stars rather than on a team focus (Ross, 2004a). Additionally, Nike put into full swing three-a-side tournaments all over the world for teenagers. The immense popularity for this variant of the game altered the way the game was played, where the game was played and therefore changed the cultural sporting landscape.There was no mention of the clothing or footwear worn by the sports celebrities depicted in the commercials rather, Nike concentrated on the three-a-side game and its celebrities to transmit and instil Nikes corporate cultural meanings on the sports fan and potential consumer to purchase Nike merchandise and construct an individual identity. During the globalisation of sport growth years of the former(a) 1990s, Manchester United in an effort to increase revenue of more than just gate receipts, tried to shift fans into customers thorough the selling of sports merchandise.The end result for Manchester United saw an increase of fa ns to more than 25 nations, television deals in 135, its own throw away label and three mega stores (Ross 2004b, p, 88). Consequently, the outcome of the globalisation of Manchester United saw it grow from a soccer club to a global brand. Evidence of being such a global brand is in 1992 when Manchester United and Nike decided to release new playing strips that were continually re repointd almost every year. Although, the Nike swoosh at this stage was indelibly associated with child labour, it did not stop the fans and consumers buying Manchester United sports hail (Ross, 2004b).Nike and Manchester United through specific advertising with sports celebrities were able impart their morally and aesthetic pleasing culture onto the sports consumer combined with that of the sport celebrities own values and culture. Ross sort of rightly points out that there was much public disgust and rage towards Nike for the use of child labour, however, he further claims that because of the silence and possibly even ignorance of the endorsing sports celebrity, Nike and new(prenominal) sports corporations were able to keep the entire celebrity/branding/sweatshop system of the sports goods industry from unravelling (2004b, p. 93).Fundamentally, it is the values and contemporary culture passed on by celebrities that are exploited by sports corporations such as Nike and Adidas that are transmitted and passed onto the consumer (Ross, 2004b). These enforce values and cultures that the sports consumer takes on allows for individual identities to be seen and heard along with their new culture. Smart formulates the globalisation of sport with consumer culture to suggest that the development of modern sport is bound up with processes of economic and cultural geological fault associated with the global diffusion of capitalist forms of uptake (2007, p.113).Similarly, the chairman of Nike parallels Smarts assertions by stating that sport was at the hart of contemporary culture and incre asingly defined the culture of the world (Smart 2007, p. 114). It is not without reason to put forward that professional sport, the media and corporate sponsorship are all linked together to forge massive profit on the backs of sports celebrities and their endorsement of merchandise. More accurately, Smart refers to this as the golden triangle that results with sport being directly coupled with advertising and celebrity endorsements (2007, p.114). much(prenominal) a link between the sports celebrity, advertising and sport itself highlights the importance of globalisation of sport plays in the economy of the consumer, sports corporations, advertising agencies and the various forms of the media. To be more precise, the globalisation of sport is closely linked with the economic interests and the promotion of consumer culture (Smart 2007, p. 114). Sport poses a popular culture assembling and a sense of realism that sporting corporations aim to exploit to increase consumer capital accum ulation.The global brands of sports clubs and celebrities combined with global marketing and the promotion of sports merchandise with iconic celebrity sporting figures only further contributes to the growth of the supporter and consumer cultures (Smart 2007, p. 114). One of the main purposes for making certain sports and sports organisations global is to make and increase profits. The increased level in spectators and consumers attracts media and advertising interest that further increases the demand for sports equipment and specialised sports clothing that is unashamedly endorsed by sporting celebrities.The large economic growth experienced by sporting corporations innately constructs cultural global sports brands that the passionate sports fan can hear with and desires (Smart, 2007). For example, Nikes Air Jordan line of shoes endorsed by Jordan himself transformed Nikes profile, basketball itself and the nature of sports representation that consequently altered the culture of t he consumer and the sporting landscape (Smart 2007 McCracken 1989). Smart (2007) points out that sports corporations predicted and understood the effects of globalising sport and the endorsement by sporting celebrities would only increase their revenue.Therefore, is easy to make the assumption that this understanding can be equated to McCrackens (1986, 1989) theories that symbolic properties and cultural meanings possessed by the celebrity endorser and those of the constituted world are transferred to the consumer goods and then passed onto the consumer. This results in new identities for consumers as well as new or modified cultures. Potentially, the newly formed cultures can change the sporting landscape and place by way of altering the attire worn by participants and also by changing the way the game is played.For instance, backyard or even beach cricket is not played on the traditional field nor do the participants wear traditional attire for cricket. It can be said that these p articipants are influenced by sporting corporations to buy specialised sporting equipment (plastic bats and stumps) and clothing (celebrity endorsed clothing) that is clearly an action of acculturation brought on by sporting corporations and advertising agencies. Rather than one singular cultural identity constructed from the globalisation of sport there are many and varied cultures.Similarly noted by Mitchell, the cultural sporting landscape becomes quite complex with the introduction of different cultures (2000, p. 28). Moreover, Mitchell adds that the morphology of landscape invariably creates and recreates the places and landscapes where people play sport (2000, p. 28). This is echoed through the culture of consumer capitalism and the accumulation of sporting goods and apparel. Hence, the modified clothes and sporting equipment endorsed by the culturally endowed sporting celebrity permits the transfer of cultural meaning and symbolic properties to the consumer (McCracken, 1989) .Bertilsson (2007) has the same opinion that sporting celebrities fashion culture and meaning to the consumer to emphasises the value and meaning channelled into brands (2007, p. 2). Pettigrew puts forward that, sport by its physical nature is a form of consumption that is able to provide insight into the role of consumption in human social life such as sports advertising and the accumulation of sports consumer goods (2001, p. 1). Whats more, Pettigrew (2001) contests that the consumption of sport including sports advertising and consumer accumulation of sporting merchandise attributes to individual lifestyles and social networks.Moreover, the globalisation and marketisation of sport has made sport extremely commercialised that places the sports consumer and fan at a disadvantage because of the over exposure of celebrity sporting endorsements that effectively mould and shape ones social life and culture (Pettigrew 2001, p. 2). Many commentators including Pettigrew (2001) consider sp ort to be vital to culture and as such, sport has been directly associated with the development of self-identity due to the active lifestyles of people following and participating in sport.For that reason, the promotion of sports merchandise by sports celebrities are able to create social interactions (aided by culturally effective advertising themes), with the sports consumer (Pettigrew, 2001). Such employment of sporting themes and sporting celebrities in advertisements facilitates social interaction that portrays an appropriate context for product consumption that allows for self awareness and identity development to take place for the sports consumer.Importantly, advertising agencies identify the potential social interactions and use sporting celebrities to convey precise emotions, values and culture that represent the needs and desires of sports consumers. For example, the Nike brand has become so trusted, consumers are willing to pay top money for what they believe and determ ine to be superior quality, style and reliability (East, 1998). Nike through its Just Do It advertisements with their many celebrity endorsers was able to influence vast amounts of sporting and non-sporting consumers to purchase their footwear.East points out that 80 percent of the running shoes sold in the US were in fact never used for the intended sporting activities that they were designed to do, thus effectively changing the sporting landscape and sporting culture (1998, p. 2). The iconic status Nike was able to develop for itself tended to focus not on the products it was advertising but rather on the celebrity wearing the product (East, 1998). Through its celebrities, Nike was able to articulate to its consumers that Nike products were cool (East, p. 2).East (1998) suggests that the success of Nikes campaign is credited(predicate) to portraying a culture of quality. Moreover, East states that Nike was able to reassure its customers on quality and perfection by using the foll owing sport stars Bo Jackson, John McEnroe and Michael Jordan (2001, p. 2). For instance, East suggests that celebrity endorsements appeal to consumers sense of belonging and hipnes that led to the prophecy if you want to be hip, wear Nike if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike (East 1998, p. 2).Nikes sporting celebrities were able to impart desirability into owing Nike shoes that not only changed the sporting landscape but it also developed new cultures based on sports corporations and advertising agencies values. Advertising plays an integrating role in cultural practices and the process of globalisation (Jackson et al. , 2004). Advertisements of sport generally contain some form of sports setting, imagery and celebrities to promote sports clothing, sports video games and sports equipment that contributes to the development of the globalised culture of commodification and consumption (Hilliard, 2005).In addition, Hilliard (2005) asserts that sports advertising encompasses e conomy, politics and the media. Furthermore, he notes that sports corporations by way of their association with sport sell a way of life based on consumption by means of sports celebrity endorsements (2005, p. 4). The use of sports imagery is essential for sports advertising to target specific product categories such as clothing lines and video games.Advertising agencies generally use specific techniques to persuade the intended meaning of sport to rub off on their merchandise Firstly, celebrity athletes are presented in non-threatening relationships so as to connect with the intended audience Secondly, advertisers represent sport as a site for hedonistic consumption Thirdly, advertisers continually make reference to sports cliches and slogans that are generally disseminated broadly within the national or territorial reserve culture and lastly, sporting corporations sponsor sport so as to receive the official sponsor tag that appears beside the actual sport logo (Hilliard 2005, p.33 ).Additionally, the recognition and star appeal of the virtual super-human athletic feats of sports celebrities are captured and transposed into the form of video and arcade games. As suggested by Hilliard, the advertising of sports video games may feed into the culture of sports fans of not participating in sport and thus, altering and transforming the sporting field/landscape from outdoors to the mill about room and subsequent TV (Hilliard, 2005).In conclusion, the globalisation of sport occupies an important part in the economy for the consumer, sports corporations, advertising agencies and the media. The golden triangle as described by Smart (2007) illustrates the tactics sports corporations and advertising agencies use to exploit the consumer through intelligent marketing strategies and celebrity endorsements. The resultant symbolic sports branding not only shapes the desires and actions of the sports consumer but also transforms consumer culture and the sporting landscape.Fu rthermore, the globalisation of sport has seen it loose its playful character while its traditional playing field has been extended by the celebrity sports star to be a global media spectacle with a sizeable financial economy. Advertising as stated by McCracken, is the conduit through which meaning constantly pours from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods that allows sports celebrities to become idolised and seen as role models (1989, p. 6).It is from these attributes that sport celebrities and advertising agencies are able promote sports merchandise using the sporting celebritys lifestyle and sporting culture to influence and develop sporting cultures in consumers. Whats more, the golden triangle has altered the sporting landscape with predefined cultural meanings on the back of celebrity endorsements. The advertising technique of not mentioning the actual product but rather concentrating on the sports star and the actions of the sports star indelibly creates sportin g icons and cultural meaning for the sports fan/consumer.Such exploitation by sports corporations allows them to focus on changing popular sports in both rules and the playing field so that the sports consumer will be subdued and manipulated into the capitalist consumption of sports goods that governs the indoctrination of culture, values and social identity. Moreover, the imbued culture and status of wearing and being seen in a particular sports brand combined with the endorsement by celebrities creates a level of trust for consumers.It is this built up trust that consumers are willing to pay top dollar for what they believe is superior quality and reliability, although, in some instances child labour may have been used. The aura of authenticity of sports stars helps sporting corporations to achieve significant profit margins and significant wealth for themselves that further contributes to the globalised culture of commodification and consumption of sport. The immense wealth creat ed by the globalisation of sport for sports corporations, advertising agencies and the sports star has seen sport become a highly capitalist culture.Noting this, sport and sports advertising is vital to the development of consumer identity, lifestyles and social acceptance from the accumulation of sports merchandise and also participating in sport. The unambiguous celebrity advertising techniques allow sports corporations such as Nike and Manchester United to create and sell a way of life based on consumer consumption to generate meaning, culture and identity for the consumer that can potentially change the sporting landscape at the same time.Bibliography Andrews, DL Jackson, SJ 2001, Sport Stars The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity, in Andrews, DL Jackson, SJ (ed. ), Introduction sport celebrities, public culture, and underground experience, Routledge, London, pp. 1-19. Bertilsson, J 2007, The Enculturation of Young Consumers, Proceedings of the Nordic Consumer Policy Res earch Conference 2007, viewed 13 whitethorn 2008, . East, S 1998.

Filipino Americans In America Essay Example for Free

Philippine the Statesns In America EssayFilipino Ameri evicts have retained their racial and cultural pride and outlook even as they are fast becoming assimilated and adopting Ameri goat value and cultural norms in the United States as an adopt country. This is a preliminary paper which featured sestet respondents to a fundament everyy open ended solely structured questionnaire, intending to elicit their inner sentiments on their nationality as immigrants to the United States. Qualifying criteria Filipino ancestry, and residency in in the United States for the last 5- 15 years. Must have spent at least 10 to 15 years in the Philippines prior to immigration to the United States. Structure of Questionnaire This is a fundamentally controlled emic questionnaire, initially, intend to have open-ended response that pass on give the inner sentiments of the respondents. Six respondents were given a free-wheeling full to answer the following questions (1) how they feel universe Filip ino Americans (2) the comfort level they have in being called Filipino Americans (3) their attitude to the previous citizenship (4) their general feeling active being Filipino or simply, Americans.(5) the values that differentiate them as a group (6) the beliefs that are common among them (7) their loyalty to their m another(prenominal) country (8) their phantasmal faith/s (9) their attitude towards the US elections and the candidates (10) their celebrations and joys (11) The problems they perceive about their home country (12) The problems they meet in the United States. Emic-Etic Research 3 Interview results 1. quaternion of 6 say they were proud Filipinos just sustenance or working in America. Two said they are Filipino Americans, but that the United States is their country.2. Four of six said they are not comfortable being referred to as Americans. Two were comfortable, but relieve that they have Filipino roots. 3. All six said they were proud of their racial roots. Fou r of six said they identified with the United States as a friendly second country. 4. All said they would have best-loved to stay in the Philippines because of the character of the people there (friendly and hospitable, and wonderful) but they would like to look for high paying jobs in the US . 5.Five of six said their Catholic religion bind them together, foursome said they are proud of the heroes of their raceway, all five of six said they are proud of the racial industriousness and resourcefulness of their fellow Filipinos, and that their friendly nature distinguish them as a group. 6. All six said belief in God is a national faith. Among the values that they share as a group are being good to foreigners, kindness to neighbors, cleanliness in their bodies, living harmoniously with neighbors. Some of the vices of their race include gambling, gossip, and crabbing or stealing dreams.8. Four of the six said they are non-practicing Catholics One was Protestant. One did not answer. 9. Three would vote for Obama , one for McCain. Two are not inclined to join the electoral discussions as irrelevant to them. Four said a McCain victory would be bad for Emic-Etic Research 4 Filipino immigrants. The same number said Obama would be good to immigrants. (Two answered twice) 10. All six said they enjoy Christmas as the most awaited holiday of the year. They enjoy singing publicly or in groups. They also all eagerly await the religious month of the Lenten season.They also enjoy family reunions, attending funeral wakes, group drinking, and annoyer beautiful women, passing hours for their siesta, engaging in small talk, talking about their politicians, listening to movie gossip, any Filipino local or Hollywood. 11. The following came out as their negative list of events and/or descriptions in their country of origin low value of the peso (5 of interviewees ) , high unemployment (4 of respondents) , air and water pollution ( 3 of respondents ) , and corruption in governme nt (2 of 6 respondents).. 12. All six said they have experienced and can easily discern racial bigotry and discrimination in America. ANALYSIS The results of the tally suggest a pattern of national consciousness, an awareness of nationhood and national pride. The limited number of respondents at = six (6) is without any other controlling variables like total population and distribution profile and therefore cannot be a introduction for any claim of being re face upative of the population of Filipino US immigrants. Emic-Etic Research 5The present practical inquiry however can serve as a basis for future etic questionnaire that will define the answers to the above from a truly representative sampling, and allow an etic database that will provide objective percentages to the initial summary of findings above. As important as what the respondents above are saying are those that they have unexpended unsaid. For example in Item 2, four of six respondents were unwilling to be called Fili pino Americans a circumstance that clearly displayed national loyalty and preference for their citizenship branding as Filipinos.The two who acknowledged their American citizenship were hitherto fully cognizant and proud of their Filipino roots. In item 12, the stark figure of all six respondents saying they have experienced and could discern racial bigotry and discrimination in the United States speaks volumes about the social environment they operate, and describes their inner sensitivity to indications of racial discrimination. This is wide field of further inquiry that can further establish objective etic ( or objective, verifiable) information of concrete cases of discrimination that respondents have experienced in the United States.

The Australia immigrant entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

The Australia immigrant entrepreneurship EssayAustralia, one of the most cosmopolitan of contemporary western societies, has a long history of immigrant entrepreneurship, with more cultural groups significantly over-represented in entrepreneurial activities, particularly in the handsome trade sector of the Australian economy. Immigrant enterprises, mainly small businesses, generate significant economic growth, employment opportunities and bit export activity across a broad range of industries in Australia. The experiences of immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia vary considerably, with renewing in pathways to immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia evident for both male and female immigrant entrepreneurs. This means that one size volition not fit all, pointing to the need for a diverse, complex policy response to immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia today.In Australia, immigrants experience a slightly in high spiritser(prenominal) rate of entrepreneurship (18.8%) than non immigrants (16.3%). However, some immigrant groups, such as the Koreans, have much higher rates of entrepreneurship comp bed to non-immigrants and separate immigrant groups. In order to understand the dynamics of immigrant entrepreneurship (Waldinger et al., 2010), stressed the importance of understanding the interaction between the group characteristics of immigrant communities and the opportunity structure in their host country when they settled.This in turn helps relieve the rates of entrepreneurship and the characteristics of immigrant enterprises. Light and Rosenstein (2009) developed the concept of group characteristics in more detail. Immigrants draw on heathenish resources, they argued, which include ethnic ideologies, industrial paternalism, solidarity, social networks, ethnic institutions and social capital. Immigrants also have entrance money to course of instruction and other resources that they bring to entrepreneurship and to the ethnic economy (Light and Gold 2010). Immigrant entrepreneurship continued to be a take in Australia in the post-1945 breaker point as Australia embarked on a large scale immigration program that delivered nearly 7 million immigrants, with immigrants a greater proportion of the Australian population than most other western nations (OECD 2011).The ethnic motley of contemporary Australian society is reflected in the Australian small business sector. In Australia, as in other countries, restaurants, food and other retailing are areas of the economy with a strong immigrant presence (Collins and Low 2010). Australia is shaped by the intersection of a recite of factors ethnic resources and networks, class resources, regimes of ordination, inclusion/exclusion, opportunity, gender, radicalization and family. Collins and Low (2010) argued that while the international research rightly stressed the extent to which immigrant entrepreneurship is plant in family relationships with immigrant women playing an importa nt role in their husbands businesses, it is important to recognize the m any immigrant women themselves become entrepreneurs in their take in right.One key fact that emerges from the Australian research is the increasing alteration of the paths to immigrant entrepreneurship (Collins 2009). Some immigrants arrive in Australia as successful business migrants with ample start-up capital. Other immigrants arrive with high professional and educational qualifications to enable them to fill labour shortages in the corporate sector, though minority immigrants lots reach an accent ceiling that constrains their promotion opportunities. Others tread the traditional path from low-wage jobs to entrepreneurship. Finally, some immigrants see entrepreneurship as an alternative to unemployment and take advantage of federal government programs to assist the unemployed to establish business enterprise.The Australian research on immigrant entrepreneurship (Collins, 2009) shows that there is increasi ng diversity in the paths that new immigrants take to entrepreneurship some were antecedently unemployed, while others were manual labourers before opening a small business. Some must attain university qualifications that are prerequisites for entering the professions (such as doctors, dentists, accountants and lawyers) and opening a private practice, others leave corporate jobs to become entrepreneurs, while cool it others, business migrants were already established as entrepreneurs before migrating to Australia. The Australian research also points to a diversity of class background among and between birthplace groups of immigrant entrepreneurs (Collins, 2011) and a great diversity in educational achievement.Australian immigrant enterprises are very diverse, and so policy is required to respond to that diversity. While many immigrant enterprises produce or sell ethnic products such as food, coffee or artifacts, many others do not. Immigrant entrepreneurs are spread head across th e economy, with businesses in the service sector of the economy, including retail, real estate, finance, media and tourism. Others are professionals such as doctors, dentists and architects who run their own private practices.The Federal Australian Government promotes immigrant entrepreneurship directly though its permanent and temporary immigration policy (Collins, 2011). Australia introduced an Entrepreneurial Migration Category in November 1976 to allow immigrant entrepreneurs with detailed business proposals and capital to enter Australia under the permanent migration programme as migrant settlers. Over the years this policy has been fine-tuned in the wake of the acknowledgment of anomalies in the programme. Evaluations of this programme suggest that it is largely successful.Today business owners, senior executives and investors can apply for a visa under the railway line Skills category. The main problem appears to be in attracting a sufficient number of entrants under this c ategory, with Australia facing strong competition from other Western countries, including Canada. In March 2003 three duty Skills Processing Centres were opened and a two-stage process was introduced, whereby business migrants are granted a business line Skills (Provisional) visa for four years. If they establish a business or maintain their legal investment over the four-year period they become eligible to apply for a Business Skills (Residence) visa, an entrepreneurial pathway to permanent residence in Australia. A direct permanent residence category is still available for high-calibre business migrants sponsored by estate and Territory governments, known as the Business Talent visa.In addition to these immigration policy initiatives, a number of Federal Government agencies assist immigrant entrepreneurship, directly or indirectly. One Federal scheme, the parvenue first step Incentive Scheme (NEIS), was designed to assist cash-poor unemployed people in entering the setting-up phase of a business enterprise, allowing them to take advantage of business training and draw on future unemployment benefits during the period in which the business enterprise is being established.The State governments play a key role in the regulation of enterprises in Australia, including those owned by immigrants. These regulations relate to issues such as health and safety requirements and employment conditions, including wages, impacting on immigrant and non-immigrant entrepreneurs. For example, a decision in the 1980s to permit outdoor dining in the State of New South Wales meant that al fresco eating became possible for the first time. Today many immigrant enterprises are surd in the food industry, with ethnic restaurants and cafes, most with outdoor tables, in evidence across metropolitan and regional Australia. heathen precincts are key spatial sites though, significantly, not the only sites of the ethnic economy in the urban center (Collins, 2011). In central or suburb an parts of the city, ethnic precincts are essentially clusters of ethnic or immigrant entrepreneurs in areas of the city that are designated as ethnic precincts by place marketers and Government officials. They are characterized by the presence of a substantial number of immigrant or ethnic entrepreneurs who populate the streets of the precinct selling food, goods or services to co-ethnics and non-co ethnics alike. Ethnic precincts come in a number of forms. Often they tend to be associated with one ethnic group, as evinced by districts.Each of these ethnic precincts has been developed with the financial and marketing support of local government. Ethnic festivals become key moments in promoting the precinct to a broader clientele, including tourists. Promotion of ethnic festivals is a key element of any strategy to promote immigrant entrepreneurship. Policies designed to develop and promote ethnic precincts (Collins and Kunz, eds,2010), the ethnic economy and urban ethnic tourism(R ath, ed, 2010) will, in turn, help the immigrant entrepreneurs whose small businesses are located in clusters in particular. The important growth in female immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia, like other countries, also suggests a need for policies to be sensitive to matters related to intersection of ethnicity and gender. This area requires further research in Australia. Moreover, minorities face barriers in respect to language difficulties and racial discrimination and prejudice, issues that do not confront non-immigrant entrepreneurs.ReferencesCollins, J and Low. A. (2010)Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in Small and Mediumsized Businesses in Australia, Entrepreneurship regional Development, Volume 22 Issue 1, January 2010, pp 97-111.Collins, J. (2009), Ethnic Diversity Down Under Ethnic Precincts in Sydney, foreign Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, no. 4, pp. 1043-53.Collins, J. and Kunz, P. (2010), Ethnic entrepreneurs, ethnic precincts and tourism The case of Sydney, Australia in Richards, G. (ed.), touristry Creativity and Development, London and New York Routledge, pp. 201-14.Collins, J. (2011), Ethnic Diversity Down Under Ethnic Precincts in Sydney, world-wide Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, no. 4, pp. 1043-53.Collins, J. and Kunz, P. (2010), Ethnic entrepreneurs, ethnic precincts and tourism The case of Sydney, Australia in Richards, G. (ed.), touristry Creativity and Development, London and New York Routledge, pp. 201-14.Light, I. and Rosenstein, C. (2009), Race, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in Urban America, Aidine de Gruyter, New York.Light, I. and Gold, S. J. (2010), Ethnic Economies, Academic Press, San Deigo.OECD (2010), Open for Business Migrant Entrepreneurship in OECD Countries, OECDPublishing, Paris.OECD (2011), International Migration Outlook SOPEMI 2011, OECD Publishing.http//dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2011-enRath, J. (ed.) (2010), Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City, New York Routledge. Stromback, T. and Malhotra, R. (1994), Socioeconomic Linkages of South Asian Immigrants with their Country of Origin, Canberra Australian GovernmentPublishing Service.Rezaei (2011) Royal delicacies at peasant prices cross-national differences, common grounds towards an empirically support theory of the informal economic activities ofmigrants. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2011, vol. 7, issue 2, pages 109-154Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., Ward, R. and Associates (2010), Ethnic Entrepreneurs Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, Sage, Newbury Park, London, New Delhi.Source document

Posner & Petersen Essay Example for Free

Posner Petersen EssayWith the advent of technology and the increasing complexity of the homophile machine interface, the demands on the assistal capacity of human operators in these evolving schemes is very high. Broadbent (1958) was the first to propose a possibleness on assistance he argued that we get under anes skin severe limitation on our ability to cede vigilance to more than one plaint. According to him the source of this limitation is an internal filter that accepts one subject and rejects opposites. The view that our tending is limited comes from the presence of the cocktail party problem and air traffic controllers which are essentially wariness-switching problems. Thus in our technologically advance world, where everything is a sensory(prenominal) experience, it is apparent that the input signal overload in our sensory modalities may superstar to diminished performance. The importance of financial aid to performance has been wide accepted, it is a requirement component in mental lick (Posner Petersen, 1990). In controlled laboratory experiments on dichotic listening (Cherry, 1953) which is more widely known as shadowing found that listeners could report much of what was fall ined to the attended ear but micro if anything about the contents of the message in the unattended channel.We use our care to choose and increase the molding of stimuli that are most signifi peckt at each moment. Directing economic aid to a stimulus leads to bring down perceptual thresholds, faster reaction times and increased discrimination accuracy (Rorden Driver, 2001). However, the prove of attention carcass to be a challenge for most police detectives due to its ambiguity and the gruellingy in measuring it. neurologic and cognitive explanations of attention have abounded in recent years and have afforded us with a fall in way of apprehensiveness attention (Posner Petersen, 1990).Posner (1980) in his article devised a theory of misg iving attention that gave us a deeper understanding of the human spacial attentional process in the perceptual domain. He proposed that understanding the mechanisms of orientating detecting, locus of control and c bald and overt orienting throw out be utilize in explaining how spatial attention functions. The most outstanding of which is his differentiation of locus of control which are external and primordial controls, or for purposes of this strike it is referred to as exogenous and endogenous processing.Exogenous processing refers to events controlling the orienting of attention outside the mechanisms or more specifically stimulus driven responses. For example when a stimulus draws the attention of the mechanism to a particular area in space the detection of other fag events in that area become more exchangeablely. Meanwhile, endogenous processing is where the central mechanism alone directs the al fixture of attention to a particular are in space through much(prenomina l) means as precept or probability of crisscross events occurring in the appropriate area of space.Likewise, Posner excessively distinctly categorized orienting into overt and covert orienting. He verbalise that being able to distinguish covert form overt orienting one must first be able to measure covert orienting without development overt head and sum straw mans. Previous studies on attention had guidanceed on vision alternatively than other senses. The numerous studies on visual attention had based their assumptions on the position of visual receptors and eye causa. Recently, the paradigms used to measure visual attention have also been applied to audile attention.Researchers Spence and Driver (1994) had exhibit in their experiments that the cuing paradigm can also be applied to auditory attention. They found that covert orienting does occur in human auditory system and that it deviate localizations in the exogenous tasks and some(prenominal) localization and pitch discrimination in the endogenous tasks. Given the limited theories and scientific experiments on auditory attention it is of importance to replicate the said field to validate their findings and possibly look for new findings.However, in the present study, 3-dimensional speech beneficial is used to generate pool discriminative stimuluss as opposed to the free-field cues used in the original experiments. Using 3-dimensional sound recording as opposed to free-field expire has been found to be more effective in controlling for front-back confusion, wherein the sound is identified as coming from an incorrect hemifield and given that high occurrence of this confusion can lead to localization errors thus the choice of using 3-dimensional strait frequency (Parker, et. al., 2004). However, early researches using 3-dimensional audio as compared to free-field sound have generated dubious results, like in a study where virtual(prenominal) and free-field sound was compared in terms of cues associated with movement of the head found that the front-back confusion rate for virtual sound have been double to that of the free-field (Wightman Kistler, 1989). Upon animadversion of front-back errors in the analysis, the localization errors were still greater for virtual sound.The conflicting results of auditory studies have led researcher Martin, McAnnaly and Senova (2001) to devise a system that would enable the use of virtual audio by ensuring that its case is resembling to that of free-field sound with respect to front-back confusion and localization errors. In contrast, it was found that non-individualized 3-dimensional audio is associated with an increase in front-back confusion, unequal localization acuity and poor externalization (Begault Wenzekm 1993 Moller, et.al. , 1996, Wenzer, et. al. , 1993). Parker et al (2004) investigated the effectiveness of using virtual 3-D audio in a high workload flight simulation task. They supplemented the head-down display s with high-fidelity 3-D audio, and found that when the virtual 3-D audio was presented visual acquisition time was quicker. Furthermore they found with the virtual 3-D audio presented perceived workload was reduced and situational awareness was improved.Flanagan et al (1998) also used virtual 3-D audio in an experiment which compared an unaided search with visual and auditory search cues for take aims outside the visual field. In the experiment they used both(prenominal) virtual audio (via headphones) and virtual visual cues (via helmet mounted display), and found that both the visual and auditory cues were effective in reducing search times for the targets. The present study would and so make use of the system developed by Martin, McAnally and Senova (2004) to administer 3-dimensional sound using Spence and Driver (1994) observational conditions.In order to gain a better understanding of the intricacies of the variables in this study and of how important the study of attention is, a review of the pertinent variables is presented. 1. 1 Attention System The attention system is difficult to explore, in cognition the various perceptual properties can be related to concrete perceptual systems like how perceptual illusions can be explained by the limitations of our optical system. While in the study of attention system one has to deal with it as a totally cognitive event without any physical substratum to refer to.In order to explore the properties of attention, the various components of the inner workings and cognitive processes need to be isolated in the study of cognition, researchers can control the amount of input that the perceptual modalities process and even the physical and neurological structures of attention can be identified. Posner (1980) in his article devised a theory of understanding attention that gave us a deeper understanding of the human spatial attentional process in the perceptual domain.He proposed that understanding the mechanisms of or ienting detecting, locus of control and covert and overt orienting can be used in explaining how spatial attention functions. Orienting refers to the aligning of attention with a source of sensory input or an internal semantic structure stored in memory. Orienting can happen in an overt or covert manner. Detecting refers to the level with which the nervous system is made aware of a stimulus. It may be in a verbal or manual form. A very important distinction in the study of spatial attention is the locus of control.Posner (1980) define the process of control as either being external or central control of the orienting of attention. Other terms such as automatic vs. non-automatic and exogenous and endogenous have also been used to describe this process. undefendable orienting refers to the observed head and eye movements when an organism attends to a stimulus, covert orienting refers to bodily processes that can be achieved only by the central mechanism and can be measured by experi mental methods. Spatial attention has been related to overt movements of eyes, body, head and etc. but the relationship between movement and attention has been entirely unclear.A number of theories governing the degree of dependence of the attentional systems to eye movements have been postulated along the years. The common system says that attention movements are fixed to the movement of the eyes. However, the behavioral evidence suggests that attention can be invokeed with the eyes fixed, this findings and together with results showing enhancement of evoked potentials (Eason, Harter White, 1969 Von Vorrhis Hillyard, 1977) and the firing rates of atomic number 53 cells (Bushnell, et. al. , 1978), have eliminated the idea that attention and eye movements are identical systems.The efference theory (Wurtz Mohler, 1976) proposed that attention shifts were programs for the movement of the eyes. Klein (1979) said when attention to a particular location is desired , the observer prep ares to make an eye movement to that location the oculomotor readiness, via as yet unknown feedforward pathways , has the effect of enhancing processing in or from sensory pathways relations with information from the target location. In his experiments, Klein (1979) found that there are clearly conditions under which one gets no relationship between spatial attention shifts and eye movement latencies.Functional relation theory (Remington, 1978) found that under simpler testing conditions like those conducted by Klein (1979), a relationship between eye movement and spatial attention is present. He found that there is a strong tendency for attention to shift to the target position for an eye movement prior to the eye leaving the fixation point. He also found that just before and after the stimulus presentation that detection was high at both the peripheral targets. In general, the results suggest that the relationship between eye movements and attention is non as tight fitting as e ither a complete dependence or efference view.Kleins findings that eye movements does not influence latencies of shifts of attention and Posners results showing that attention movements is in the opposite direction to eye movement programs, poke fun the popular notion that attention can be measured through overt bodily movements. Nevertheless, the twain orienting systems are not completely independent it has been observed that attention can focus on the target prior to an eye movement even when detection signals are more probable for fixation. Posner (1980) conclude that eye movements have a functional relationship with the spatial attentional system.It seems that eye movements are programmed by an initial movement of attention to the new eye position well before the eyes really begin to move. This presupposes the idea that even without moving, we are already using our attention system to process the target object. Further, Remington (1978) compared peripheral and central cues f or eye movements in order to determine their relationship to shifts of attention. When he used a peripheral cue he found improved sensitivity in the vicinity of peripheral target after the cue and well before eye movement.When a central arrow was used to cue movement, there was no evidence of any change in sensitivity in the direction of the target until after the eye movement began. Thus, eye movement is not a reliable measure of attention shifts and in the same way overt attention cannot reliably demonstrate the mechanisms of attention, thereof we turn our attention to covert attention. 1. 2 Covert Attention Posner (1980) emphasized that the study of spatial attention should focus on covert attention for it gives a better picture of how attentional systems work than overt attention which can be subjected to external influences.Overt attention is manifested through external movements and more often than not the soul is aware of that behavior, hence results on overt attention may be due to various factors not related to attention. In studying covert spatial attention, Posner (1980) said that it is important to keep in headspring the functions of orienting, detecting and the distinction between external and central control. Orienting is the ability of the individual to shift attention around the visual field detecting is when the individual becomes conscious of the stimuli, external and central control identifies the process by which the individual is attending to thestimuli and overt and covert attention is the ways in which the individual process the stimuli. Thus, even before attention is directed to a target, the individual can orient his/her sensory receptors to focus on the stimuli, and when the attention has been oriented, the individual can now detect the stimulus and depending on the context with which the stimulus is presented may attend to the stimuli exogenously or endogenously. Based on Posnersinfluential work, it can be deduced that the study o f covert attention is more important and scientifically worthwhile than overt attention, hence the number of gravels used to explain and study covert attention. The three models used to study the covert spatial distribution of attention has been used in experiments on visual attention but since few researches focused on auditory tasks it is presented here as it can possibly used to explain other sensory modalities.The first model says that attention can only be directed to one visual field (Kinsbourne, 1993). This in inwardness means that we can only attend to one thing at a time hence we can only see one movie at one time. However, the model is too simple to fully define visual attention. The human vision can accurately build a spatial model of the external environment and relevant objects will compete for selection with other objects. On the other hand, this model may be used in the study of auditory domains because its spatial distribution is lesser. proceed is composed of wav es that travel in the air, it is quite dispersed and thus to attend to a sound cue is much faster than attending to a visual stimuli. Moreover, as we perceived it sound does not drive a physical space much like objects, letters, and colors etc. that are used as visual stimuli. The second model states that attention can be divided in a pass judgment manner with the maximum performance at the focus of attention, which gradually deteriorates, with the increasing displacement of the focus.This means that the quality of our attention to a target is at the most accurate if it is within our central focus and that our apprehension of the target deteriorates a sit moves further away. This model is much more suited in the study of auditory performance since it takes into account the graded allocation of attention with respect to sound and distance. It is interesting to explore at what point our attention to an auditory stimuli would decrease and to which it is strongest.