How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay Example for Free

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay How do the Sacred Texts and beliefs of Islam OR Christianity, inform a Religion that is relevant to contemporary adherents? In todays society, unlike many years ago religion is not seen as an important part of peoples lives. People are way to busy or so they think to be ‘wasting their time’ with religion, and church. But for those who do believe in a religion, especially those from the Islamic religion, they take part in a religion that was formed hundreds of years ago, still using and believing in the same scared texts and beliefs. Islamic environmental ethics are drawn from the 3 underpinning principle beliefs, that are the 3 central concepts of Islam and the pillars of Islamic environmental ethics. Tawhid a belief brought upon many many years ago, is the belief of Unity. It believes in the Unity and oneness of all created by Allah and that unity is reflected in the created world, thus the Tawhid demands that the integrity of the created world be maintained by balance and harmony. â€Å"The whole earth has been created a place of worship, pure and clean. Hadith The Khalifa, belief in Stewardship, is the belief that Allah has made humans responsible for all creation and with this involves appropriate use of resources for human needs. â€Å"It is He that has made you custodians; inheritors of the earth. † (Qur’an Surah 6:165) Akrah is the belief of accountability, Muslims believe that they will be judged on how they have acted, and ones treatment of gods created world. The sources of ethical tea chings, and the relationship between humans and the universe is outlined in the Qur’an, Hadith and Shari’a. It is defined in Qur’an as based on meditation of the universe and what it contains, sustainable utilization and development for human benefit, care and nurture extended beyond humans to the benefit of created beings. The Hajj is an obligation which fulfils one of the five pillars of Islam required of a Muslim at least once in a lifetime for those financially and physically able â€Å"those who can make their way there†. It is a faithful submission to the will of Allah. And pilgrimage to the House is incumbent upon men for the sake of Allah† – Surah 3:96. Before embarking on this miraculous journey, pilgrims must redress all wrongs, organise funds for the journey and the family being left behind, and prepare themselves for good conduct during the Hajj. The Journey then goes for 5 full days, starting officially on the 8th day of Dhul-Hijjah. After completing the Hajj with all rites performed, pilgrims have earned the right to be called al-Hajj or al-Hajji. The Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam through commemorating important religious events. These include Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Ka’ba, and established the rituals of the Hajj to reflect his life, Muhammad’s last sermon on Arafat, Jamra symbolises Abraham throwing stones at Satan who tried to dissuade him from sacrificing Isaac, and Nahr reflects Allah replacing Isaac with a sacrificial lamb. The Hajj reinforces fundamental islamic concepts with the Five Pillars of Faith. Shahada, the declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah is expressed through the Hajj by Talbiya (a prayer that states the pilgrimage is only for the glory of Allah) and through Mount Arafat (the place of Muhammads last sermon, where all are closest to Allah) Salat, the 5 daily prayers is expressed through the Hajj as the Hajj is a period where pilgrims are directly communicating with Allah and Muslims are in actual proximity of the Ka’ba. Zakat, Almsgiving is shown through the Hajj as the meat sacrificed or money given for nahr is distributed amongst family, friends and the poor, it also shows the obligation of the wealthy to the poor and Ihram, which means that money and status are not a factor for pilgrims and that all are equal. Sawm, fasting is expressed through the Hajj as it is a time of prayer, meditation and asking for forgiveness, as well as the Sa’y as it re-enacts Hajar’s search for food; empathy for hunger. Al-Akhira is believed to be the world to come, Muslims believe in an afterlife where they will be held accountable for their lives (Akhra), they believe that by participating in the Hajj there is a greater prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is not only significant to the individual but also to the community. The Hajj is significant to the individual as the Hajj is an opportunity for Muslims to experience spiritual rebirth and develop a sense of consciousness in Allah. It is also opportunity to reassess and confirm their Islamic beliefs. The Hajj provides opportunity for the pilgrim to improve their spirituality through worship, hardship and salat. It focuses the individual on jihad; sacrificing time, skills, money and struggling against external evils. Enables the pilgrim’s renewal through cleansing from sin. â€Å"whoever performs the Hajj will come home like a newborn†. The Hajj reinforces Allah’s mercy and compassion as it exceeds His anger by forgiving the sins of the sinful creation by declaring an absolute pardon for every pilgrim upon completion of the accepted rituals of Hajj. The individual strengthens their relationship with Allah and gains a greater understanding of Islamic history and has a better prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is significant to the community as the Hajj is a sign of unity, equality and a sense of pride in the global umma as they pray together and are equal in the ihram garments. It brings together Muslims of all races to from a fellowship for such a significant practice in the Islamic faith, and the hajj acts as a universal reminder of the blessing of Allah on humanity of our diversity and the brotherhood to worship the one Allah. As the Hajj and Environmental ethics apply themselves with todays contemporary society, the beliefs and sacred texts are used to form ideas of how to look after the environment and why it is necessary to participate in the Hajj.

Fugitive Pieces :: Essays Papers

Fugitive Pieces Report on "Fugitive Pieces" Searing the mind with stunning images while seducing with radiant prose, this brilliant first novel is a story of damaged lives and the indestructibility of the human spirit. It speaks about loss, about the urgency, pain and ultimate healing power of memory, andabout the redemptive power of love. Its characters come to understand the implacability of the natural world, the impartial perfection ofscience, the heartbreak of history. The narrative is permeated with insights about language itself, its power to distort and destroy meaning, and to restore it again to those with stalwart hearts. During WWII, when Jakob Beer is seven, his parents are murdered by Nazi soldiers who invade their Polish village, and his beloved, musically talented 15-year-old sister, Bella, is abducted. Fleeing from the blood-drenched scene, he is magically saved by Greek geologist Athos Roussos, who secretly transports the traumatized boy to his home on the island of Zakynthos, where they live through the Nazi occupation, suffering privations but escaping the atrocities that decimate Greece's Jewish community. Jakob is haunted by the moment of his parents' death the burst door, buttons spilling out of a saucer onto the floor, darkness and his spirit remains sorrowfully linked with that of his lost sister, whose fate anguishes him. But he travels in his imagination to the places that Athos describes and the books that this kindly scholar provides. At war's end, Athos accepts a university post in Toronto, and Jakob begins a new life. Yet he remains disoriented and unmoored, trapped by memory and grief, "a damaged chromosome" the more so after Athos' premature death. By then, however, Jakob has discovered his m‚tier as poet and essayist and strives to find in language the meaning of his life. The miraculous gift of a soul mate in his second wife, "voluptuous scholar" Michaela, comes late for Jakob. Their marriage is brief, and ends in stunning irony. The second part of the novel concerns a younger man, Ben, who is profoundly influenced by Jakob's poetry and goes to the Greek island of Idhra in an attempt to find the writer's notebooks after his death. Ben is another damaged soul. The son of Holocaust survivors, he carries their sorrow like a heavy stone. Emotionally maimed and fearful, Ben feels that he was "born into absence.

Fool Chapter 11

ELEVEN A SWEET AND BITTER FOOL Goneril dumped me on the floor as if she'd suddenly found a bag of drowned kittens in her lap. She snapped open the letter and began reading without even bothering to tuck her bosoms back into her gown. â€Å"Milady,† said Oswald again. He'd learned from that first whipping. He acted as if he didn't even see me. â€Å"Your father is in the great hall, asking after his fool.† Goneril looked up, irritated. â€Å"Well, then, take him. Take him, take him, take him.† She waved us away like flies. â€Å"Very well, milady.† Oswald turned on his heel and marched away. â€Å"Come, fool.† I stood and rubbed my bum as I followed Oswald out of the solar. Yes, my backside was bruised, but there was pain in my heart as well. What a bitter bitch to cast me out while my bum still burned with the blows of her passion. The bells on my coxcomb drooped in despair. Kent fell in beside me in the hall. â€Å"So, is she smitten with you?† â€Å"With Edmund of Gloucester,† said I. â€Å"Edmund? She's smitten with the bastard?† â€Å"Aye, the fickle whore,† said I. Kent looked startled and folded back the brim of his hat to better see me. â€Å"But you bewitched her to do so, didn't you?† â€Å"Oh, yes, I suppose I did,† said I. So, she was only immune to my charms by means of dark and powerful magic. Ha! I felt better. â€Å"She reads the letter I forged in his hand even now.† â€Å"Your fool,† Oswald announced as we entered the hall. The old king was there, with Captain Curan and a dozen other knights who looked like they'd just returned from the hunt – for me, no doubt. â€Å"My boy!† Lear called, throwing his arms wide. I walked into his embrace, but did not return it. I found no tenderness in my heart at the sight of him, but my anger boiled still. â€Å"Oh joy,† said Oswald, his disdain dripping like venom in his voice. â€Å"The prodigal git returns.† â€Å"See here,† said Lear. â€Å"My men have yet to be paid. Tell my daughter I will see her.† Oswald did not acknowledge the old man, but kept walking. â€Å"You, sir!† roared the king. â€Å"Did you hear me?† Oswald turned slowly, as if he'd heard his name carried in faintly on the wind. â€Å"Aye, I heard you.† â€Å"Do you know who I am?† Oswald picked a front tooth with the nail of his small finger. â€Å"Aye, my lady's father.† He smirked. The rascal had cheek, that I will give him, that or a burning desire to be catapulted cod over cap into the afterlife. â€Å"Your lady's father!† Lear pulled off his heavy leather hunting gauntlet and backhanded it across Oswald's face. â€Å"You knave! You whoreson dog! You slave! You cur!† The metal studs on Lear's glove were beginning to draw blood where they struck Oswald. â€Å"I am none of these things. I will not be struck by you.† Oswald was backing toward the great double doors as Lear worried at him with the glove, but when the steward turned to run Kent threw out a leg and swept him off his feet. â€Å"Or tripped, neither, you tosser!† said Kent. Oswald rolled into a heap at the foot of one of Goneril's guards, then scrambled to his feet and ran out. The guards pretended they'd seen nothing. â€Å"Well done, friend,† said Lear to Kent. â€Å"Are you the one who brought my fool home?† â€Å"Aye, he is, nuncle,† said I. â€Å"Rescued me from the darkest heart of the forest, fought off brigands, pygmies, and a brace of tigers to bring me here. But don't let him talk his Welsh at you, one tiger was vanquished in a sluice of phlegm and mortally beaten with consonants.† Lear looked closely now at his old friend, then shivered – guilt's chill claws scuttling across his spine, no doubt. â€Å"Welcome, then, sir. I thank thee.† Lear handed Kent a small purse of coin. â€Å"Earnest payment for your service.† â€Å"My thanks and my sword,† said Kent, bowing. â€Å"What is your name?† asked Lear. â€Å"Caius,† said Kent. â€Å"And whence do you hail?† â€Å"From Bonking, sire.† â€Å"Well, yes, lad, as do we all,† said Lear, â€Å"but from what town?† â€Å"Bonking Ewe on Worms Head,† I offered with a shrug. â€Å"Wales – â€Å" â€Å"Fine, then, join my train,† said Lear. â€Å"You're hired.† â€Å"Oh, and allow me to hire you as well,† said I, removing my hat and handing it to Kent with a jingle. â€Å"What's this?† asked Kent. â€Å"Who but a fool would work for a fool?† â€Å"Watch your tongue, boy,† said Lear. â€Å"You'll have to get your own hat, fool,† said I to the king. â€Å"Mine is already promised.† Captain Curan turned to conceal a smile. â€Å"You call me a fool?† â€Å"Oh, should I not call you fool? All your other titles you have given away, along with your land.† â€Å"I'll have you whipped.† I rubbed my burning bottom. â€Å"That is the only legacy you have left, nuncle.† â€Å"You've become a bitter fool in your absence,† said the king. â€Å"And you the sweet one,† said I. â€Å"The fool who makes a jest of his own fate.† â€Å"The boy is not altogether fool,† said Kent. Lear turned on the old knight, but not in anger. â€Å"Perhaps,† said he, weakly, his eye drifting to the stones of the floor as if searching for an answer there. â€Å"Perhaps.† â€Å"The lady, Goneril, Duchess of Albany!† announced one of the guards. â€Å"Craven hose-beast!† I added, relatively certain the guard would forget that part. Goneril breezed into the room, no notice of me, she went right to her father. The old man opened his arms but she stopped short, a sword-length away. â€Å"Did you strike my man for chiding your fool?† Now she scowled at me. I rubbed my bum and blew her a kiss. Oswald peeked through the doors to the hall, as if waiting for the answer. â€Å"I struck the knave for being impudent. I but asked him to fetch you. My fool has only just returned from being lost. This is not a time for frowns, daughter.† â€Å"There're no smiles for you, sire,† said I. â€Å"Not now that you've nothing to offer. The lady has only bile for fools and those with no title at all.† â€Å"Quiet, boy,† said the king. â€Å"You see,† said Goneril. â€Å"Not just your all-licensed fool, but your whole train treats my palace like a tavern and a brothel. They fight and eat all day, drink and carouse all night, and you care for nothing but your precious fool.† â€Å"As it should be,† said Jones, albeit softly – when royal ire is raging, even the spittle sprayed from their lips can rain down death on the common puppet or person. â€Å"I care for much, and my men are the best in the land. And they have not been paid since we left London. Perhaps if you – â€Å" â€Å"They will not be paid!† said Goneril, and suddenly all the knights in the hall came to attention. â€Å"When I gave you all, 'twas on the condition of you maintaining my retinue, daughter.† â€Å"Aye, Father, and they shall be maintained, but not in your charge, and not in their full number.† Lear was growing red-faced now, and shaking with anger as with palsy. â€Å"Speak clearly, daughter, these old ears deceive.† Now Goneril went to her father and took his hand. â€Å"Yes, Father, you are old. Very old. Really, really, extraordinarily, mind-bogglingly – † She turned to me for a cue. â€Å"Dog-fuckingly,† I suggested. † – dog-fuckingly old,† said the duchess. â€Å"You are feebly, incontinently, desiccatedly, smelling-of-boiled-cabaggely old. You are brain-rottingly, balls-draggingly – â€Å" â€Å"I'm fucking old!† said Lear. â€Å"We'll stipulate that,† said I. â€Å"And,† continued Goneril, â€Å"while you, in your dotage, should be revered for your wisdom and grace, you piss on your legacy and reputation by keeping this train of ruffians. They are too much for you.† â€Å"They are my loyal men and you have agreed to maintain them.† â€Å"And I shall. I shall pay your men, but half will stay here at Albany, under my charge, under my orders, in soldiers' quarters, not running about the bailey like marauders.† â€Å"Darkness and devils,† cursed Lear. â€Å"It shall not be! Curan, saddle my horses, call my train together. I have another daughter.† â€Å"Go to her, then,† said Goneril. â€Å"You strike my servants and your rabble makes servants of their betters. Be gone, then, but half your train shall remain.† â€Å"Prepare my horses!† said Lear. Curan hurried out of the hall, followed by the other knights, passing the Lord Albany as he entered, the duke looking more than somewhat confused. â€Å"Why does the king's captain exit with such urgency?† asked the duke. â€Å"Do you know of this harpy's intent to strip me of my train?† asked Lear. â€Å"This is the first I've heard of it,† said Albany. â€Å"Pray, be patient, sire. My lady?† Albany looked to Goneril. â€Å"We do not strip him of his knights. I have offered to maintain them here, with our own force, while Father goes on to my sister's castle. We shall treat his men as our own, with discipline, as soldiers, not as guests and revelers. They are out of the old man's control.† Albany turned back to Lear and shrugged. â€Å"She lies!† said Lear, now wagging a finger under Goneril's nose. â€Å"Thou detested viper. Thou ungrateful fiend. Thou hideous – uh – â€Å" â€Å"Slag!†[32] I offered. â€Å"Thou piteous prick-pull. Thou vainglorious virago. Thou skunk-breathed licker of dog scrotums. Do jump in, Albany, I can't go on forever, no matter how inspired. Surely you've years of suppressed resentment to vent. Thou leprous spunk-catch. Thou worm-eaten – â€Å" â€Å"Shut up, fool,† said Lear. â€Å"Sorry, sirrah, I thought you were losing your momentum.† â€Å"How could I have given preference to this villainess over my sweet Cordelia?† asked Lear. â€Å"Doubtless that question was lost worse in the wood than I, seeing as it has only caught up with you now, sire. Shall we take cover against the impact of the revelation that you've awarded your kingdom to the best liars of your loins?† Who would have thought it, but I'd felt more charity toward the old man before he realized his folly. Now – He turned his eyes skyward and began to invoke the gods: â€Å"Hear me, nature, dear goddess hear. Convey sterility onto this creature, Dry up her womb And never let a babe spring from Her body to honor her. Instead create in her a child of spleen and bile. Let it torment her, and stamp wrinkles in her youthful brow Let it turn all of her mother's benefits To laughter and contempt, that she may feel How sharper than a serpent's tooth It is to have a thankless child!† With that the old man spat at Goneril's feet and stormed out of the hall. â€Å"I think he took that as well as could reasonably be expected,† said I. I was ignored, despite my positive tone and sunny smile. â€Å"Oswald!† called Goneril. The smarmy steward slithered forth. â€Å"Quickly, take the letter to my sister and Cornwall. Take two of the fastest horses and alternate them. Do not rest until it is in her hand. And then take you to Gloucester and deliver that other message as well.† â€Å"You have given me no other message, lady,† said the worm. â€Å"Yes, right, come with me. We shall draft a letter.† She led Oswald out of the great hall leaving the Duke of Albany looking to me for some sort of explanation. I shrugged. â€Å"She can be a whirlwind of tits and terror when she puts her mind to a purpose, can't she, sir?† Albany didn't seem to notice my comment, somewhat forlorn, he looked. His beard seemed to be greying with worry as he stood there. â€Å"I don't approve of her treatment of the king. The old man has earned more respect. And what of these messages, to Cornwall and Gloucester?† I started to speak, thinking it a perfect opportunity to mention her newfound affection for Edmund of Gloucester, my recent session of bawdy discipline with the duchess, and a half-dozen metaphors for illicit shagging that had come to mind while the duke mused, when Jones said: â€Å"Sex and cuckoldry You've mastered those jokes For a more challenging jape A new seal should be broke.† â€Å"What?† said I. Whenever Jones has spoken before it has been in my own voice – smaller and muted sometimes, from the art of throwing it, but my voice alone, unless Drool is mimicking the puppet. And it is I who works the little ring and string that move Jones's mouth. But this was not my voice, and I had not moved the puppet. It was the voice of the girl ghost from the White Tower. â€Å"Don't be tedious, Pocket,† said Albany. â€Å"I've no patience for puppets and rhymes.† Jones said: â€Å"A thousand rough nights To call the lady a whore, Only today may a fool, Jest the land into war?† And like a shooting star cutting brilliant across the ignorant night of my mind, I saw the ghost's meaning. I said: â€Å"I know not what the lady sends to Cornwall, good Albany, but while I was this last month in Gloucester, I heard soldiers talk of Cornwall and Regan gathering forces by the sea.† â€Å"Gathering an army? Whatever for? With gentle Cordelia and Jeff now on the throne in France, it would be folly to cross the channel. We've a safe ally there.† â€Å"Oh, they aren't gathering forces against France, they are gathering forces against you, my lord. Regan would be queen of all of Britain. Or so I heard said.† â€Å"You heard this from soldiers? Under whose flag, these soldiers?† â€Å"Mercenaries, lord. No flag but fortune for them, and the word was there is coin aplenty for a free lance fighter in Cornwall. I have to be off. The king will need someone to whip for your lady's rude announcements.† â€Å"That doesn't seem fair,† said Albany. He had a spark of decency in him, really, and somehow Goneril had not yet been able to smother it. Plus, he seemed to have forgotten about accidentally hanging me. â€Å"Don't worry for me, good duke. You have worries of your own. Someone must take a hit for your lady, let it be this humble fool. Pray, tell her I said that someone must always hit it. Fare thee well, duke.† And merrily I was off, bottom stinging, to let slip the dogs of war. Hi ho! Lear sat on his horse outside Castle Albany, howling at the sky like a complete lunatic. â€Å"May Nature's nymphs bring great lobster-sized vermin to infest the rotted nest of her woman bits, and may serpents fix their fangs in her nipples and wave there until her poisoned dugs[33] go black and drop to the ground like overripe figs!† I looked at Kent. â€Å"Built up a spot of steam, hasn't he?† said I. â€Å"May Thor hammer at her bowels and produce flaming flatulence that wilts the forest and launches her off the battlements into a reeking dung heap!† â€Å"Not really adhering to any particular pantheon, is he?† said Kent. â€Å"Oh, Poseidon, send your one-eyed son to stare into her bituminous heart and ignite it with flames of most hideous suffering.† â€Å"You know,† said I, â€Å"the king seems to be leaning rather heavily on curses, for someone with his unsavory history with witches.† â€Å"Aye,† said Kent. â€Å"Seems to have steered his wrath toward the eldest daughter, if I'm not mistaken.† â€Å"Oh, you don't say?† said I. â€Å"Sure, sure, that could be it, I suppose.† We heard horses galloping and I pulled Kent back from the drawbridge as two riders, leading a train of six horses, thundered across. â€Å"Oswald,† said Kent. â€Å"With extra horses,† said I. â€Å"He's gone to Cornwall.† Lear broke with his cursing and watched the riders take out across the moor. â€Å"What business has that rascal in Cornwall?† â€Å"He carries a message, nuncle,† said I. â€Å"I heard Goneril order him to report her mind to her sister, and for Regan and her lord to go to Gloucester and not to be in Cornwall when you arrive.† â€Å"Goneril, thou foul monstress!† said the king, clouting himself on the forehead. â€Å"Indeed,† said I. â€Å"Oh, evil monstress!† â€Å"To be sure,† said Kent. â€Å"Oh, pernicious monstress, perfect in her perfidy!† Kent and I looked at each other, knowing not what to say. â€Å"I said,† said Lear, â€Å"most pernicious monstress, perfect in her perfidy!† Kent mimed a set of generous bosoms on himself and raised an eyebrow as if to ask, â€Å"Boobs?† I shrugged as if to say, â€Å"Aye, boobs sounds right.† â€Å"Aye, most pernicious perfidy indeed, sire,† said I. â€Å"Aye, most bouncy and jiggling perfidy,†[34] said Kent. Then, as if coming out of a trance, Lear snapped to attention in his saddle. â€Å"You, Caius, have Curan saddle a fast horse for you. You must go to Gloucester, tell my friend the earl that we are coming.† â€Å"Aye, my lord,† said Kent. â€Å"And Caius, see that my apprentice Drool comes to no harm,† said I. Kent nodded and went back across the drawbridge. The old king looked down to me. â€Å"Oh, my pretty Black Fool, where from fatherly duty did I stray that such ingratitude should rise in Goneril like mad fever?† â€Å"I am only a fool, my lord, but making a guess, I'd say the lady may have in her delicate youth required more discipline to shape her character.† â€Å"Speak plain, Pocket, I'll not hold harm against you.† â€Å"You needed to smack the bitch up when she was tender, my lord. Instead, now you hand your daughters the rod and pull down your own breeches.† â€Å"I'll have you flogged, fool.† â€Å"His word is like the dew,† said the puppet Jones, â€Å"good only until put under light of day.† I laughed, simple fool that I am, no thought at all that Lear was becoming as inconstant as a butterfly. â€Å"I need to speak to Curan and find a horse for the journey, sirrah,† said I. â€Å"I'll bring your cloak.† Lear sagged in the saddle now, spent now from his ranting. â€Å"Go, good Pocket. Have my knights prepare.† â€Å"So I shall,† said I. â€Å"So I shall.† I left the old man there alone outside the castle.

History And Culture Of The Negritude Movement - 1658 Words

Negritude refers to a cultural movement that was launched by French-speaking black graduate students back in the 1930s in Paris from Africa and the Caribbean territories of France s colonies. These black intellectuals gathered around issues of black internationalist and race identity initiatives to fight the imperialism by the French government. They found strength in their mutual idea of affirming pride in their shared African heritage and black identity and reclaiming self-respect, self-reliance, and African self-determination. The Negritude movement was a sign of an awakening of race wistfulness for blacks in the African Diaspora and those in Africa. This new race wistfulness stemmed from the rediscovery of an original self (of the†¦show more content†¦This alienation, coupled with the uprising movement of the American black renaissance of the 1920s, gave the African writers an impetus to publicly begin expressing and reflect upon their opinions about issues of cultural a nd racial identity. Through the use of the student newspaper - The Black Student, 1933-35 (L Etudiant Noir), as the kickoff point, the African intellectuals began sharing their opinions regarding the race by exploring the idea that there was a primary commonality across all the black cultures. Even though the paper fell over after a few years, the issues expressed within its pages were firmly established, leading to the birth of the Negritude movement. The term Negritude is believed to have been coined by Cesaire. In partnership with Senghor, Cesaire developed the basic theory behind the term Negritude. In essence, the negritude movement placed a deep emphasis on the uniqueness and the celebration of African and black traditions and culture. Ideas expressed in the newspaper - The Black Student were picked up by several other periodicals, such like Presence Africaine, and eventually, with the publication of literary works of poetry edited by Senghor. The works included the French aut hor s preface - Jean-Paul Sartre, dubbed, (1948; Black Orpheus) Orphee Noire, the movement was firmly formed (Bird, 2017). Senghor defined celebration of a black African identity as the main focus of Negritude through hisShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Of Electrical Engineering : The Negritude1305 Words   |  6 Pagesengineering The Negritude By the end of the 19th century, most of Africans were living under some form of European colonial domination. The history of Africa and its Diaspora was dismissed as insignificant at best, inexistent at worse. Black cultures were ridiculed, stereotyped, and scorned. So the concept of Negritude emerged as the expression of a revolt against the historical situation of French colonialism and racism. Negritude was both a literary and ideological movement led by French-speakingRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 Pageswriters from the Negritude Movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Negritude was a literary movement of the 1930s, 40s, and 50s that began among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers as a protest against French colonial rule and the policy of assimilation.   The movement was inspired by their disturbance by the world wars, in which they saw their fellow countrymen not only dying for a cause that was not theirs but being treated as inferiors on the battlefield. Through their study of history they became awareRead MoreEssay on The Art of Benin1045 Words   |  5 PagesWestern attitudes to African people and culture have always affected how their art was appreciated and this has also coloured the response to the art from Benin. Over time concepts of ‘Race’, defined as a distinct group with a common linage, and ‘Primitive’ which pertains to the beginning or origin, , have been inextricably linked with the perception of Africa. The confusion of the two in the minds of people at the end of the 19th centaury, and some of the 20th, caused a sense of superiorityRead MoreThe Origins Of The Negritude Movement Essay1949 Words   |  8 PagesThe origins of the negritude movement all point towards Aimà © Cà ©saire and his literary works. His 1969 play, A Tempest explores postcolonial identity as it relates to the black self. The portrayal of colonizer and colonized characters highlight differing attitudes towards imperialism. Cà ©saire’s call to the black man invites celebration of their identity as a race with a colorful and trying past. Born in 1913 on the island of Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire was immediately tossed into a realm populous withRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language and culturalRead MoreNative Writers And Intellectuals Presented The Time1362 Words   |  6 Pageswhites were, by God’s will, made to rule over blacks. Blacks writers and their advocates used environmentalist theories that proclaimed that racial characteristics were not innate but rather the result of environmental factors such as climate and culture. Riding on the heels of the diminishing enlightenment era and ever increasing decomposition of the religious strong hold in the ‘West’, environmentalism became â⠂¬Å"the first truly racial conception of mankind insofar as it set out to explain race asRead MoreModern And Contemporary Arts Of Africa2955 Words   |  12 PagesAfrican art were prescribed to artists, though this does not mean that individual agency was lost. As Atkinson states on post-Apartheid South Africa: ‘it is clear that the stakes have shifted, and the country’s reintegration into ‘international art’, culture, and politics, has given fuel to – and perhaps even made possible – greater critical openness around the politics of identity and representation’ (1999:16). However more recent scholarly thought has come to critique the post-colonial paradigm as perpetuatingRead MoreThe Pan Africanism For Beginners1823 Words   |  8 Pages The Pan-African movement as described in Lemelle’s Pan-Africanism for Beginners is a set of ideas and ideologies containing social and cultural, political and economic, material and spiritual a spects. Each aspect is accompanied by a plethora of historical figures and terms unique to the movement described thoroughly in the text and the presented glossary. The piece makes it easy to understand all the information accompanying each topic. While it does have its strengths and weaknesses, the bookRead MoreThe Pan Africanism For Beginners1829 Words   |  8 PagesThe Pan-African movement as described in Lemelle’s Pan-Africanism for Beginners is a set of ideas and ideologies containing social and cultural, political and economic, material and spiritual aspects. Each aspect is accompanied by a plethora of historical figures and terms unique to the movement, well described throughout the text and in the presented glossary. This book makes it easy to understand all the information accompanying each topic. While it does have its strengths and weaknesses, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Aime Cesaire s Discourse On Colonialism876 Words   |  4 Pagesby several shifts, which seem, on paper, to be quite drastic, but are actually rather fluid developments for the most part. The shifts seem to begin from his early immersion in French political theory and culture, particularly as a young man in Martinique, to his part in the Negritude movement accompanied by a distancing from Europe and wholesome embrace of blackness and the idealization of Africa as the homeland. Discourse on Colonialism Cesaire’s work discredit to focus too heavily on this moderate